Fortran Procedure Pointers to Interfaces [duplicate] - pointers

Question

I am using procedure overloading and interfaces in order to achieve some sort of genericity in a Fortran program.
For this, I have a module which contains a number of procedures, all duplicated in order to be able to change the variable types. I also have at the beginning of the module, a series of interfaces of the type:
interface norm
module procedure &
norm_r8, &
norm_c
end interface
Now my problem is that I am trying to reference norm using a procedure pointer, as such (in a different module):
procedure(), POINTER :: pNorm => NULL()
pNorm => norm
However, in this situation, gfortran gives me an error saying that I have an undefined reference to norm. If I point to norm_r8 or norm_c, no problem. But since the part of the code that assigns the pointer is not aware of the type of the variables that will be used when norm is called, I need to point to the generic name! Is there a way to point towards an overloaded procedure?

Answer 1

As far as I can tell, a procedure pointer is not allowed to point at a generic interface. The standard only mentions procedures with the EXTERNAL attribute, a module procedures, or certain intrinsic procedures may be associated with a procedure pointer (C1220, ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010). Gfortran also issues a helpful error message for your case:
Error: Procedure pointer target 'norm' at (1) must be either an intrinsic,
host or use associated, referenced or have the EXTERNAL attribute
It also makes sense that you cannot associate to an interface, but only a procedure. An interface is only used in the procedure(INTERFACE) statement to give an explicit interface to the procedures it can point at.
This shouldn't be a showstopper for you, as the purpose of a generic interface can negate your need for a pointer. As long as all potential calls the pointer would be used for are unique in type, kind, rank and number of arguments (so the compiler can differentiate between them), you can just add all of them to a single generic interface and call that in lieu of the pointer. Alternatively you could use a select type() construct to selectively associate your pointer with the specific procedure for your type to avoid needing to associate with a generic interface.
Here is an example of a wrapper procedure to assign the pointer to a specific procedure based on an argument type
subroutine get_proc_ptr(pp, arg)
implicit none
procedure(), pointer, intent(out) :: pp
class(*), intent(inout) :: arg
select type(arg)
type is (real(kind=kind(1d0)))
pp => norm_r8
type is (real)
pp => norm_r
type is (integer)
pp => norm_i
type is (complex)
pp => norm_c
class default
pp => null()
end select
end subroutine
Which can be made use of like this:
real(kind=kind(1d0)) :: arg_r8
procedure(), pointer :: pNorm => null()
arg_r8 = 4.0123456789d30
call get_proc_ptr(pNorm, arg_r8)
call pNorm(arg_r8)
Here is a complete compilable example:
module proc
implicit none
interface norm
module procedure &
norm_r8, &
norm_r, &
norm_i, &
norm_c
end interface
contains
subroutine norm_r8(arg)
implicit none
real(kind=kind(1d0)), intent(in) :: arg
write (*,*) "real8: ", arg
end subroutine
subroutine norm_r(arg)
implicit none
real, intent(in) :: arg
write (*,*) "real: ", arg
end subroutine
subroutine norm_i(arg)
implicit none
integer, intent(in) :: arg
write (*,*) "integer: ", arg
end subroutine
subroutine norm_c(arg)
implicit none
complex, intent(in) :: arg
write (*,*) "complex: ", arg
end subroutine
subroutine get_proc_ptr(pp, arg)
implicit none
procedure(), pointer, intent(out) :: pp
class(*), intent(inout) :: arg
select type(arg)
type is (real(kind=kind(1d0)))
pp => norm_r8
type is (real)
pp => norm_r
type is (integer)
pp => norm_i
type is (complex)
pp => norm_c
class default
pp => null()
end select
end subroutine
end module
program test
use proc
implicit none
real(kind=kind(1d0)) :: arg_r8
real :: arg_r
integer :: arg_i
complex :: arg_c
procedure(), pointer :: pNorm => null()
arg_r8 = 4.0123456789d30
arg_r = 12.5
arg_i = 56
arg_c = (34,3)
call get_proc_ptr(pNorm, arg_r8)
call pNorm(arg_r8)
call get_proc_ptr(pNorm, arg_r)
call pNorm(arg_r)
call get_proc_ptr(pNorm, arg_i)
call pNorm(arg_i)
call get_proc_ptr(pNorm, arg_c)
call pNorm(arg_c)
end program
And here is the output of this program:
$ ./testprocptr
real8: 4.0123456788999999E+030
real: 12.5000000
integer: 56
complex: ( 34.0000000 , 3.00000000 )

Answer 2

If I understand well, you want to achieve two things at one time.
First, you want to use polymorphism to let the compiler call the correct routine dependent on whether you have a different type, rank, number of arguments etcetera.
Second, you want to use procedure pointers to switch between different procedures that have the same interface.
I tried the same. I did not manage to set a pointer to an interface, but I managed to make an interface with pointers.
If you have a module like this
module some_module
! This is the abstract interface for procedure pointers.
interface
subroutine shape_1_interface(arg)
implicit none
real, intent(in) :: arg
end subroutine shape_1_interface
subroutine shape_2_interface(arg)
implicit none
integer, intent(in) :: arg
end subroutine shape_2_interface
end interface
contains
subroutine routine_shape_1_implementation_1(arg)
implicit none
real, intent(in) :: arg
write(*,*) "Arg is real",arg
write(*,*) "Implementation 1"
end subroutine routine_shape_1_implementation_1
subroutine routine_shape_2_implementation_1(arg)
implicit none
integer, intent(in) :: arg
write(*,*) "Arg is int",arg
write(*,*) "Implementation 1"
end subroutine routine_shape_2_implementation_1
subroutine routine_shape_1_implementation_2(arg)
implicit none
real, intent(in) :: arg
write(*,*) "Arg is real",arg
write(*,*) "Implementation 2"
end subroutine routine_shape_1_implementation_2
subroutine routine_shape_2_implementation_2(arg)
implicit none
integer, intent(in) :: arg
write(*,*) "Arg is int",arg
write(*,*) "Implementation 2"
end subroutine routine_shape_2_implementation_2
subroutine routine_shape_1_implementation_3(arg)
implicit none
real, intent(in) :: arg
write(*,*) "Arg is real",arg
write(*,*) "Implementation 3"
end subroutine routine_shape_1_implementation_3
subroutine routine_shape_2_implementation_3(arg)
implicit none
integer, intent(in) :: arg
write(*,*) "Arg is int",arg
write(*,*) "Implementation 3"
end subroutine routine_shape_2_implementation_3
end module some_module
then you can do in your main program:
program main
use some_module
implicit none
procedure(shape_1_interface), pointer :: routine_shape_1
procedure(shape_2_interface), pointer :: routine_shape_2
interface routine
procedure routine_shape_1
procedure routine_shape_2
end interface routine
routine_shape_1 => routine_shape_1_implementation_1
routine_shape_2 => routine_shape_2_implementation_1
call routine(4)
routine_shape_1 => routine_shape_1_implementation_2
routine_shape_2 => routine_shape_2_implementation_2
call routine(4.0)
end program main
It is a pity that when you want to set the pointers to a different implementation, you have to do that for all shapes, but the good thing is that you can just call 'routine' and you automatically get the desired function.
This is the output:
Arg is int 4
Implementation 1
Arg is real 4.00000000000000
Implementation 2