I have ea new stk500v2 programmer (Pololu) and want to read the fuses of an atmega8.
With my old programmer I uses the command
avrdude -v -p atmega8 -P /dev/cu.usbmodem002938642 -c stk500v2
and got the lfuse and hfuse on 2 lines
Now I only get
avrdude: AVR device initialized and ready to accept instructions
Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s
avrdude: Device signature = 0x1e9307 (probably m8)
Using
avrdude -v -p atmega8 -P /dev/cu.usbmodem002938642 -c stk500v2 -U hfuse:r:-:h
I get
avrdude: reading hfuse memory:
Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s
avrdude: writing output file "<stdout>"
0xd9
Same with lfuse.
Is there a way to get hfuse and lfuse with the same command?
I believe AVRDUDE allows multiple -U options, so try putting this at the end of your command:
-U hfuse:r:-:h -U lfuse:r:-:h
Related
I want to make audio data from a Pcap file with Tshark.
I have successfully created audio data from a Pcap file using Wireshark in RTP analysis function.
This Pcap file is created from a VoIP phone conversation.
Next time I want to do the same thing with Tshark.
What command would do that?
I read the Tshark manual to find out how.
but couldn't find it.
do i need any tools?
On Linux, extracting the RTP packets from PCAP file is possible with tshark together with shell tools tr and xxd, but then you might need other tools to convert to an audio format.
If you have a single call recording in the pcap, so all rtp packets belong to it, try with:
tshark -n -r call.pcap -2 -R rtp -T fields -e rtp.payload | tr -d '\n',':' | xxd -r -ps >call.rtp
If the pcap has the recordings from many calls, then you have to identify the calls and their RTP streams by source/destination IPs or SSRC and build the filter accordingly, for example if SSRC is 0x7f029328:
tshark -n -r call.pcap -2 -R rtp -R "rtp.ssrc == 0x7f029328" -T fields -e rtp.payload | tr -d '\n',':' | xxd -r -ps >call.rtp
Tools like sox or ffmpeg can be used to convert from call.rtp file to wav format, depending on the codec that was used in the call. If the codec was G711u (PCMU) with sample rate 8000:
sox -t ul -r 8000 -c 1 call.rtp call.wav
The audio formats supported by sox are listed by sox -h. The ffmpeg might be needed for codecs such as G729 or G722, example for G722 with sample rate 16000:
ffmpeg -f g722 -i call.rtp -acodec pcm_s16le -ar 16000 -ac 1 call.wav
These guidelines are from some brief notes I made during the past when I had similar needs, hope they are good and still valid nowadays, or at least provide the right direction to explore further.
Imagine i'have lost my source code.
Is there a way to dump an arduino flash memory ?
What i want to do is to get an hex file on my PC that represent byte per byte the arduino flash memory (including bootloader)
I have 3 arduino types:
Arduino UNO (rev3)
Arduino MEGA
Leonardo Ethernet
Thanks
avrdude can do that for you. The specifics will depend on which arduino you have, but something like:
avrdude -p m328p -P usb -c usbtiny -U flash:r:flash.bin:r
will get you the contents of the flash memory.
Here's a site with more info:
http://www.evilmadscientist.com/2011/avr-basics-reading-and-writing-flash-contents/
It seems that using an Arduino board, the programmer (option -c) must be set to arduino (see the avrdude manual for details). Also, I had to specify the ACM port (in my case /dev/ttyACM0 on a Linux machine).
The full command to read (and backup the flash to flash.bin) is thus:
avrdude -p m328p -P /dev/ttyACM0 -c arduino -U flash:r:flash.bin:r
And to restore the flash, you can use:
avrdude -p m328p -P /dev/ttyACM0 -c arduino -U flash:w:flash.bin
I am trying to upload a sketch into Arduino Mega 2560, but it's not uploading. It's showing an error message-
avrdude: verification error, first mismatch at byte 0x0000
0xbf != 0x06
avrdude: verification error; content mismatch
It was just working fine since I used it last time. Suddenly it has just stopped working.
i would check that avrdude was able to write any bytes of the flash section:
read current flash:
avrdude -c arduino -p atmega2560 -P /dev/arduino -b 57600 -U flash:r:flash.0.bin:r
write something(different) into it
avrdude -c arduino -p atmega2560 -P /dev/arduino -b 57600 -U flash:w:something.hex:i
read it back
avrdude -c arduino -p atmega2560 -P /dev/arduino -b 57600 -U flash:r:flash.2.bin:r
check if anything have changed:
md5sum flash*
if the 2 sums are the same...avrdude can't change the fw inside the device...there are lockbits which may prevent it...because lockbits can't be turned back on: in this case you should write a new bootloader into the device using another arduino or a stock avrisp...(dont worry...it's easy)
if the sums are different...and the board is apparently running the firmware you have loaded...something inside the arduino ide is messed up
hope this helps ;)
I am just starting out trying to program ATMEL's ATMEGA32A-PU microcontroller using my arduino uno R3 as the ISP programmer. I was following the tutorial found here: http://hackaday.com/2010/10/23/avr-programming-introduction/
This tutorial describes programming an ATMEGA168 chip. I looked up the datasheet for the ATMEGA32 and adjusted the wiring, I believe, correctly and I'm using avrdude to program the chip.
I am running Windows 10 x64. I downloaded WinAVR-20100110.
From the hackaday instructions I loaded my arduino with the ArduinoISP sketch from FILE->examples in the arduino IDE. I made no changes.
The pins on the atmega32 chip are connected thus:
6 (MOSI) to arduino 11
7 (MISO) to arduino 12
8 (SCK) to arduino 13
9 (RST) to arduino 10
10 (VCC) to 5v
11 (GND) to GND
30 (AVCC) to 5v
31 (GND) to GND
I am using the arduino's 5v and GND pins to supply power and ground to the AVR.
From a cmd prompt I am running: avrdude -v -P COM3 -b 19200 -c avrisp -p atmega32 -U flash:w:main.hex
avrdude: Version 5.10, compiled on Jan 19 2010 at 10:45:23
Copyright (c) 2000-2005 Brian Dean, http://www.bdmicro.com/
Copyright (c) 2007-2009 Joerg Wunsch
System wide configuration file is "C:\WinAVR-20100110\bin\avrdude.conf"
Using Port : COM3
Using Programmer : avrisp
Overriding Baud Rate : 19200
AVR Part : ATMEGA32
Chip Erase delay : 9000 us
PAGEL : PD7
BS2 : PA0
RESET disposition : dedicated
RETRY pulse : SCK
serial program mode : yes
parallel program mode : yes
Timeout : 200
StabDelay : 100
CmdexeDelay : 25
SyncLoops : 32
ByteDelay : 0
PollIndex : 3
PollValue : 0x53
Memory Detail :
Block Poll Page Polled
Memory Type Mode Delay Size Indx Paged Size Size #Pages MinW MaxW ReadBack
----------- ---- ----- ----- ---- ------ ------ ---- ------ ----- ----- ---------
eeprom 4 10 64 0 no 1024 4 0 9000 9000 0xff 0xff
flash 33 6 64 0 yes 32768 128 256 4500 4500 0xff 0xff
lfuse 0 0 0 0 no 1 0 0 2000 2000 0x00 0x00
hfuse 0 0 0 0 no 1 0 0 2000 2000 0x00 0x00
lock 0 0 0 0 no 1 0 0 2000 2000 0x00 0x00
signature 0 0 0 0 no 3 0 0 0 0 0x00 0x00
calibration 0 0 0 0 no 4 0 0 0 0 0x00 0x00
Programmer Type : STK500
Description : Atmel AVR ISP
Hardware Version: 2
Firmware Version: 1.18
Topcard : Unknown
Vtarget : 0.0 V
Varef : 0.0 V
Oscillator : Off
SCK period : 0.1 us
avrdude: AVR device initialized and ready to accept instructions
Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.06s
avrdude: Device signature = 0x1e9502
avrdude: safemode: lfuse reads as E1
avrdude: safemode: hfuse reads as 99
avrdude: NOTE: FLASH memory has been specified, an erase cycle will be performed
To disable this feature, specify the -D option.
avrdude: erasing chip
avrdude: reading input file "main.hex"
avrdude: input file main.hex auto detected as Intel Hex
avrdude: writing flash (144 bytes):
Writing | ################################################## | 100% 0.22s
avrdude: 144 bytes of flash written
avrdude: verifying flash memory against main.hex:
avrdude: load data flash data from input file main.hex:
avrdude: input file main.hex auto detected as Intel Hex
avrdude: input file main.hex contains 144 bytes
avrdude: reading on-chip flash data:
Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.12s
avrdude: verifying ...
avrdude: 144 bytes of flash verified
avrdude: safemode: lfuse reads as E1
avrdude: safemode: hfuse reads as 99
avrdude: safemode: Fuses OK
avrdude done. Thank you.
It goes through the programming and says it succesfully wrote 144 bytes. I've also tried using stk500 since the output of the command above mentions it but I get a timeout error when I do that. For testing purposes all I'm trying to do is get 8 LED's from PORTD to light up. I'm including avr/io.h and
int main(void)
{
DDRD |= 0xff; //Set PortD Pins as an output
PORTD |= 0xff; //Set PortD Pins high to turn on LEDs
while(1) { } //Loop forever
}
Unfortunately, PD1 is the only led to light up. None of the rest do anything.
I have the microcontroller connected to a breadboard with pins 14-21 each connected to its own 470 ohm resistor. The resistors each connects to its own LED which then connects to ground.
So the problem was in the makefile. I didn't realize the AVR was listed in the makefile that I downloaded from the instructions from the hackaday tutorial. Once I changed the MCU, AVRDUDE_PROGRAMMER, and PORT in the makefile it worked like a charm.
# WinAVR Sample makefile written by Eric B. Weddington, J�rg Wunsch, et al.
# Modified (bringing often-changed options to the top) by Elliot Williams
# make all = Make software and program
# make clean = Clean out built project files.
# make coff = Convert ELF to AVR COFF (for use with AVR Studio 3.x or VMLAB).
# make extcoff = Convert ELF to AVR Extended COFF (for use with AVR Studio
# 4.07 or greater).
# make program = Download the hex file to the device, using avrdude. Please
# customize the avrdude settings below first!
# make filename.s = Just compile filename.c into the assembler code only
# To rebuild project do "make clean" then "make all".
# Microcontroller Type
# MCU = attiny13
# MCU = attiny2313
# MCU = atmega8
# MCU = atmega168
MCU = atmega32 # CHANGED THIS TO THE MCU THAT I'M TRYING TO PROGRAM
# Target file name (without extension).
TARGET = main
# Programming hardware: type avrdude -c ?
# to get a full listing.
# AVRDUDE_PROGRAMMER = dapa # official name of
# AVRDUDE_PROGRAMMER = dragon_isp
AVRDUDE_PROGRAMMER = avrisp # CHANGED THIS TO THE ISP I'M USING TO PROGRAM
AVRDUDE_PORT = COM3 # CHANGED THIS TO THE PORT ARDUINO IS CONNECTED TO
#AVRDUDE_PORT = usb # linux for dragon
#AVRDUDE_PORT = /dev/parport0 # linux
#AVRDUDE_PORT = lpt1 # windows
############# Don't need to change below here for most purposes (Elliot)
# Optimization level, can be [0, 1, 2, 3, s]. 0 turns off optimization.
# (Note: 3 is not always the best optimization level. See avr-libc FAQ.)
OPT = s
# Output format. (can be srec, ihex, binary)
FORMAT = ihex
# List C source files here. (C dependencies are automatically generated.)
SRC = $(TARGET).c
# If there is more than one source file, append them above, or modify and
# uncomment the following:
#SRC += foo.c bar.c
# You can also wrap lines by appending a backslash to the end of the line:
#SRC += baz.c \
#xyzzy.c
# List Assembler source files here.
# Make them always end in a capital .S. Files ending in a lowercase .s
# will not be considered source files but generated files (assembler
# output from the compiler), and will be deleted upon "make clean"!
# Even though the DOS/Win* filesystem matches both .s and .S the same,
# it will preserve the spelling of the filenames, and gcc itself does
# care about how the name is spelled on its command-line.
ASRC =
# List any extra directories to look for include files here.
# Each directory must be seperated by a space.
EXTRAINCDIRS =
# Optional compiler flags.
# -g: generate debugging information (for GDB, or for COFF conversion)
# -O*: optimization level
# -f...: tuning, see gcc manual and avr-libc documentation
# -Wall...: warning level
# -Wa,...: tell GCC to pass this to the assembler.
# -ahlms: create assembler listing
CFLAGS = -g -O$(OPT) \
-funsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields -fpack-struct -fshort-enums \
-Wall -Wstrict-prototypes \
-Wa,-adhlns=$(<:.c=.lst) \
$(patsubst %,-I%,$(EXTRAINCDIRS))
# Set a "language standard" compiler flag.
# Unremark just one line below to set the language standard to use.
# gnu99 = C99 + GNU extensions. See GCC manual for more information.
#CFLAGS += -std=c89
#CFLAGS += -std=gnu89
#CFLAGS += -std=c99
CFLAGS += -std=gnu99
# Optional assembler flags.
# -Wa,...: tell GCC to pass this to the assembler.
# -ahlms: create listing
# -gstabs: have the assembler create line number information; note that
# for use in COFF files, additional information about filenames
# and function names needs to be present in the assembler source
# files -- see avr-libc docs [FIXME: not yet described there]
ASFLAGS = -Wa,-adhlns=$(<:.S=.lst),-gstabs
# Optional linker flags.
# -Wl,...: tell GCC to pass this to linker.
# -Map: create map file
# --cref: add cross reference to map file
LDFLAGS = -Wl,-Map=$(TARGET).map,--cref
# Additional libraries
# Minimalistic printf version
#LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_min
# Floating point printf version (requires -lm below)
#LDFLAGS += -Wl,-u,vfprintf -lprintf_flt
# -lm = math library
LDFLAGS += -lm
# Programming support using avrdude. Settings and variables.
AVRDUDE_WRITE_FLASH = -U flash:w:$(TARGET).hex
#AVRDUDE_WRITE_EEPROM = -U eeprom:w:$(TARGET).eep
AVRDUDE_FLAGS = -p $(MCU) -P $(AVRDUDE_PORT) -c $(AVRDUDE_PROGRAMMER)
# Uncomment the following if you want avrdude's erase cycle counter.
# Note that this counter needs to be initialized first using -Yn,
# see avrdude manual.
#AVRDUDE_ERASE += -y
# Uncomment the following if you do /not/ wish a verification to be
# performed after programming the device.
#AVRDUDE_FLAGS += -V
# Increase verbosity level. Please use this when submitting bug
# reports about avrdude. See <http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/avrdude>
# to submit bug reports.
#AVRDUDE_FLAGS += -v -v
#Run while cable attached or don't
#AVRDUDE_FLAGS += -E reset #keep chip disabled while cable attached
#AVRDUDE_FLAGS += -E noreset
#AVRDUDE_WRITE_FLASH = -U lfuse:w:0x04:m #run with 8 Mhz clock
#AVRDUDE_WRITE_FLASH = -U lfuse:w:0x21:m #run with 1 Mhz clock #default clock mode
#AVRDUDE_WRITE_FLASH = -U lfuse:w:0x01:m #run with 1 Mhz clock no start up time
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Define directories, if needed.
DIRAVR = c:/winavr
DIRAVRBIN = $(DIRAVR)/bin
DIRAVRUTILS = $(DIRAVR)/utils/bin
DIRINC = .
DIRLIB = $(DIRAVR)/avr/lib
# Define programs and commands.
SHELL = sh
CC = avr-gcc
OBJCOPY = avr-objcopy
OBJDUMP = avr-objdump
SIZE = avr-size
# Programming support using avrdude.
AVRDUDE = avrdude
REMOVE = rm -f
COPY = cp
HEXSIZE = $(SIZE) --target=$(FORMAT) $(TARGET).hex
ELFSIZE = $(SIZE) -AC --mcu=$(MCU) $(TARGET).elf
# Define Messages
# English
MSG_ERRORS_NONE = Errors: none
MSG_BEGIN = -------- begin --------
MSG_END = -------- end --------
MSG_SIZE_BEFORE = Size before:
MSG_SIZE_AFTER = Size after:
MSG_COFF = Converting to AVR COFF:
MSG_EXTENDED_COFF = Converting to AVR Extended COFF:
MSG_FLASH = Creating load file for Flash:
MSG_EEPROM = Creating load file for EEPROM:
MSG_EXTENDED_LISTING = Creating Extended Listing:
MSG_SYMBOL_TABLE = Creating Symbol Table:
MSG_LINKING = Linking:
MSG_COMPILING = Compiling:
MSG_ASSEMBLING = Assembling:
MSG_CLEANING = Cleaning project:
# Define all object files.
OBJ = $(SRC:.c=.o) $(ASRC:.S=.o)
# Define all listing files.
LST = $(ASRC:.S=.lst) $(SRC:.c=.lst)
# Combine all necessary flags and optional flags.
# Add target processor to flags.
ALL_CFLAGS = -mmcu=$(MCU) -I. $(CFLAGS)
ALL_ASFLAGS = -mmcu=$(MCU) -I. -x assembler-with-cpp $(ASFLAGS)
# Default target: make program!
all: begin gccversion sizebefore $(TARGET).elf $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).eep \
$(TARGET).lss $(TARGET).sym sizeafter finished end
$(AVRDUDE) $(AVRDUDE_FLAGS) $(AVRDUDE_WRITE_FLASH) $(AVRDUDE_WRITE_EEPROM)
# Eye candy.
# AVR Studio 3.x does not check make's exit code but relies on
# the following magic strings to be generated by the compile job.
begin:
#echo
#echo $(MSG_BEGIN)
finished:
#echo $(MSG_ERRORS_NONE)
end:
#echo $(MSG_END)
#echo
# Display size of file.
sizebefore:
#if [ -f $(TARGET).elf ]; then echo; echo $(MSG_SIZE_BEFORE); $(ELFSIZE); echo; fi
sizeafter:
#if [ -f $(TARGET).elf ]; then echo; echo $(MSG_SIZE_AFTER); $(ELFSIZE); echo; fi
# Display compiler version information.
gccversion :
#$(CC) --version
# Convert ELF to COFF for use in debugging / simulating in
# AVR Studio or VMLAB.
COFFCONVERT=$(OBJCOPY) --debugging \
--change-section-address .data-0x800000 \
--change-section-address .bss-0x800000 \
--change-section-address .noinit-0x800000 \
--change-section-address .eeprom-0x810000
coff: $(TARGET).elf
#echo
#echo $(MSG_COFF) $(TARGET).cof
$(COFFCONVERT) -O coff-avr $< $(TARGET).cof
extcoff: $(TARGET).elf
#echo
#echo $(MSG_EXTENDED_COFF) $(TARGET).cof
$(COFFCONVERT) -O coff-ext-avr $< $(TARGET).cof
# Program the device.
program: $(TARGET).hex $(TARGET).eep
$(AVRDUDE) $(AVRDUDE_FLAGS) $(AVRDUDE_WRITE_FLASH) $(AVRDUDE_WRITE_EEPROM)
# Create final output files (.hex, .eep) from ELF output file.
%.hex: %.elf
#echo
#echo $(MSG_FLASH) $#
$(OBJCOPY) -O $(FORMAT) -R .eeprom $< $#
%.eep: %.elf
#echo
#echo $(MSG_EEPROM) $#
-$(OBJCOPY) -j .eeprom --set-section-flags=.eeprom="alloc,load" \
--change-section-lma .eeprom=0 -O $(FORMAT) $< $#
# Create extended listing file from ELF output file.
%.lss: %.elf
#echo
#echo $(MSG_EXTENDED_LISTING) $#
$(OBJDUMP) -h -S $< > $#
# Create a symbol table from ELF output file.
%.sym: %.elf
#echo
#echo $(MSG_SYMBOL_TABLE) $#
avr-nm -n $< > $#
# Link: create ELF output file from object files.
.SECONDARY : $(TARGET).elf
.PRECIOUS : $(OBJ)
%.elf: $(OBJ)
#echo
#echo $(MSG_LINKING) $#
$(CC) $(ALL_CFLAGS) $(OBJ) --output $# $(LDFLAGS)
# Compile: create object files from C source files.
%.o : %.c
#echo
#echo $(MSG_COMPILING) $<
$(CC) -c $(ALL_CFLAGS) $< -o $#
# Compile: create assembler files from C source files.
%.s : %.c
$(CC) -S $(ALL_CFLAGS) $< -o $#
# Assemble: create object files from assembler source files.
%.o : %.S
#echo
#echo $(MSG_ASSEMBLING) $<
$(CC) -c $(ALL_ASFLAGS) $< -o $#
# Target: clean project.
clean: begin clean_list finished end
clean_list :
#echo
#echo $(MSG_CLEANING)
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).hex
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).eep
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).obj
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).cof
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).elf
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).map
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).obj
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).a90
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).sym
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).lnk
$(REMOVE) $(TARGET).lss
$(REMOVE) $(OBJ)
$(REMOVE) $(LST)
$(REMOVE) $(SRC:.c=.s)
$(REMOVE) $(SRC:.c=.d)
$(REMOVE) *~
# Automatically generate C source code dependencies.
# (Code originally taken from the GNU make user manual and modified
# (See README.txt Credits).)
#
# Note that this will work with sh (bash) and sed that is shipped with WinAVR
# (see the SHELL variable defined above).
# This may not work with other shells or other seds.
#
%.d: %.c
set -e; $(CC) -MM $(ALL_CFLAGS) $< \
| sed 's,\(.*\)\.o[ :]*,\1.o \1.d : ,g' > $#; \
[ -s $# ] || rm -f $#
# Remove the '-' if you want to see the dependency files generated.
-include $(SRC:.c=.d)
# Listing of phony targets.
.PHONY : all begin finish end sizebefore sizeafter gccversion coff extcoff \
clean clean_list program
I've been trying to burn a program into ATtiny2313A-PU with my Arduino Uno R3 used as a programmer.
First I tried to program it from Arduino IDE 1.0.1 (Windows 7) and it seemed to uploade the sketch, but the blink program didn't work.
Then I found Michael Holachek's tutorial and followed his instructions:
uploaded ArduinoISP sketch to my Arduino Uno
wired the circuit on a breadboard
installed WinAVR on my Windows 7.
downloaded Michael's template files (Makefile and main.c) and edited Makefile to match my settings (external 8 MHz crystal). I used this online fuse calculator to get correct fuse parameters.
then, in cmd.exe, changed directory to the directory where I saved Makefile and main.c and ran 'make flash'
Makefile
DEVICE = attiny2313a
CLOCK = 8000000
PROGRAMMER = -c arduino -P COM5 -b 19200
OBJECTS = main.o
FUSES = -U lfuse:w:0x5e:m -U hfuse:w:0xdd:m -U efuse:w:0xff:m
######################################################################
######################################################################
# Tune the lines below only if you know what you are doing:
AVRDUDE = avrdude $(PROGRAMMER) -p $(DEVICE)
COMPILE = avr-gcc -Wall -Os -DF_CPU=$(CLOCK) -mmcu=$(DEVICE)
# symbolic targets:
all: main.hex
.c.o:
$(COMPILE) -c $< -o $#
.S.o:
$(COMPILE) -x assembler-with-cpp -c $< -o $#
# "-x assembler-with-cpp" should not be necessary since this is the default
# file type for the .S (with capital S) extension. However, upper case
# characters are not always preserved on Windows. To ensure WinAVR
# compatibility define the file type manually.
.c.s:
$(COMPILE) -S $< -o $#
flash: all
$(AVRDUDE) -U flash:w:main.hex:i
fuse:
$(AVRDUDE) $(FUSES)
install: flash fuse
# if you use a bootloader, change the command below appropriately:
load: all
bootloadHID main.hex
clean:
rm -f main.hex main.elf $(OBJECTS)
# file targets:
main.elf: $(OBJECTS)
$(COMPILE) -o main.elf $(OBJECTS)
main.hex: main.elf
rm -f main.hex
avr-objcopy -j .text -j .data -O ihex main.elf main.hex
# If you have an EEPROM section, you must also create a hex file for the
# EEPROM and add it to the "flash" target.
# Targets for code debugging and analysis:
disasm: main.elf
avr-objdump -d main.elf
cpp:
$(COMPILE) -E main.c
main.c
Below is the output I got:
C:\Users>cd /D D:\electronics
D:\electronics>cd nikon/mi
D:\electronics\nikon\mi>make flash
avr-gcc -Wall -Os -DF_CPU=8000000 -mmcu=attiny2313a -c main.c -o main.o
main.c:6: error: stray '\342' in program
main.c:6: error: stray '\200' in program
main.c:6: error: stray '\250' in program
main.c: In function 'main':
main.c:9: error: stray '\342' in program
main.c:9: error: stray '\200' in program
main.c:9: error: stray '\250' in program
make: *** [main.o] Error 1
I suspect that I might brick the fuses on Attiny 2313a. If that is the case, I think I will have to build this AVR rescue shield.
Maybe the Makefile was configured incorrectly?
How can I identify the problem? How can I check whether the chip is still alive?
You are getting compile errors there. I would check the contents of main.c for what the compiler is telling you to check. It looks like in the copy and paste of the code, something was lost. Also
PORTD ^= (1 << PD6); // toggle PD6
can be replaced with
PIND = (1 << PD6); // or _BV(PD6), since you should be using avr-libc anyway.
as per Atmel's datasheets.
well, I googled a little bit more and found that the most common solution, when chips are identical, but have different suffixes (like attiny2313 and attiny2313a) is to use -F key for overriding the signature check.
So, I added the key in Makefile DEVICE = attiny2313 -F and my attiny2313a was programmed successfully!
TRON, thanks for pointing me in the direction of main.c! Unfortunately I can't upvote your answer because my reputation is 11.
I still wonder how those square characters could get there?