R function to convert polygon (sf, wkt) into mask (matrix, array) - r

Question

I have an image stored as matrix with grayscale for each pixel.
On this image I use SLIC algorithm to divide it into areas.
So I get a simple feature (sf) with polygons, I am able to extract in well-known-text (wkt).
But what I really need is a matrix/mask (same dimension as my pixel-image-matrix) storing the id of the polygon each pixel belongs to. For example the pixel image[1,2] belongs to polygon 5, then mask[1,2] <- 5.
I add some code to give example of my porblem (for a random "image"):
mat <- array(runif(10000, min=0, max=500), dim=c(100,100))
# SLIC
library(supercells);
library(sf);
library(terra);
# make spatial raster from matrix
raster <- rast(mat);
rasterSLIC <- supercells(raster, k = 50, compactness = 1, dist_fun = "euclidean", avg_fun = "mean");
plot(raster);
plot(st_geometry(rasterSLIC), add = TRUE, lwd = 0.2);
point <- st_cast(rasterSLIC$geometry[2], to="POINT");
coord <- st_coordinates(point);
# what I want:
goal <- array(c(1,1,1,2,2,1,2,3,3), dim=c(3,3));
image(goal);
goal;
I would like to have something that helps me turning coords into such a mask/matrix I gave a small example for in goal.

Answer 1

You can use terra::rasterize
Example data
library(terra)
# polygons
f <- system.file("ex/lux.shp", package="terra")
v <- vect(f)
# arbitrary raster
r <- rast(v, res=.01)
Solution:
rid <- rasterize(v, r, 1:nrow(r))
#or
v$ID <- 1:nrow(v)
rid <- rasterize(v, r, "ID")
Illustration
plot(rid, type="classes")
text(v)
lines(v)
To get the a matrix of the raster values you can do
m <- as.matrix(rid, wide=TRUE)
With your more specific example, you could do
library(supercells);
library(terra)
set.seed(1)
mat <- array(runif(10000, min=0, max=500), dim=c(100,100))
r <- rast(mat)
SLIC <- supercells(r, k = 50, compactness = 1, dist_fun = "euclidean", avg_fun = "mean");
x <- rasterize(SLIC, r, "supercells")
xm <- as.matrix(x, wide=TRUE)
plot(x);
s <- vect(SLIC)
lines(s)