An article I found used this notaion for an IP address:
download a file named wget.sh from the IP address 136.144.41[.]169
what's the point of braces here and what's the difference between: 136.144.41[.]169 and 136.144.41.169?
[.] is not part of the IPv4 address standard. It is simply 0-255 four times separated by periods.
I'm guessing the site had a formatting error.
Original link
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When define a subnet, such as 1.2.3.0/24, it means 255 hosts in the subnet start from 1.2.3.0 to 1.2.3.255.
But what if I wrongly define the subnet with 1.2.3.64/24? Does it then mean the range is start from 1.2.3.64 to 1.2.3.255?
I could not find a formal document about this.
EDIT: in Java ipaddress lib (5.2.1), the 1.2.3.64/24 will be treated as range from 1.2.3.64 to 1.2.3.255, instead of 1.2.3.0 to 1.2.3.255!. The code is: new IPAddressString("1.2.3.64/24").getSequentialRange()
EDIT: My apology: the above description of ipaddress lib's behavior is wrong. It was other things that caused me think the the range become 1.2.3.64 to 1.2.3.255.
Indeed, the
new IPAddressString("1.2.3.64/24").getSequentialRange().getLower()
is 1.2.3.64,
and
new IPAddressString("1.2.3.64/24").getSequentialRange().getUpper()
is also 1.2.3.64,
so I think this is a reasonable implementation!. I have no problem of that.
The
new IPAddressString("1.2.3.64/24").getAddress().toPrefixBlock().getLower()`
will be the expect one: 1.2.3.0.
And the `.getUpper()` is 1.2.3.255.
so this is the perfect way to get correct ip range.
There is no formal specification indicating that setting the un-fixed bits (the host bits) to 0 is a convention. However, it is common practice when describing a subnet as opposed to a single address, that you leave the host bits as zero. It is an informal convention. If you are describing a subnet, why would you set those bits to anything other than zero if they are intended to be ignored? So that is what all network engineers and most other people do, they leave the bits as zero when they are describing the full subnet, when the host can take on any value.
The specification for something like 1.2.3.64/24 is that the network part of the address is the first 24 bits, and the host part of the address is the remaining 8 bits. So, the network is 1.2.3.0 and the host is 0.0.0.64. The specification says nothing else.
Likewise, 1.2.3.0/24 indicates the network is 1.2.3.0 and the host is 0.0.0.0. However, like I said, when the host is 0, that is commonly used to refer to the entire subnet, meaning the host can take on any value. When people write down a string for that subnet of 255 addresses, they will write 1.2.3.0/24.
In fact, it is unusual to see 1.2.3.0 used as a single address because many routers do not accept a host of 0.
How you parse those things is specific to any library. Some libraries parse 1.2.3.64/24 as the whole subnet, throwing out the 0.0.0.64. Some libraries parse 1.2.3.64/24 as 1.2.3.64. Some libraries have separate methods to do one or the other.
With the IPAddress library, the same parser parses both addresses and subnets. When it parses 1.2.3.64/24 or 1.2.3.0/24, the parser needs to decide what you mean by each. For the former, it interprets 1.2.3.64/24 as the address 1.2.3.64 with prefix length 24, because why else is the 0.0.0.64 there at all if you do not intend that 64 to mean something? Why throw it out?
For 1.2.3.0/24, it interprets that as the whole subnet, because, like I said, a host of 0 is commonly used to refer to the entire subnet, and it is rare to use 1.2.3.0 as an address.
However, if you wish to choose some other meaning when parsing those things, the library provides other options.
There is no formal specification for this. In fact, there is no formal specification for a lot of the different aspects of IP addressing, a lot of it is informal and simply evolved over the years to the common practices in use.
new IPAddressString("1.2.3.64/24").getSequentialRange() is parsed as the range "1.2.3.64 -> 1.2.3.64". Earlier versions of the library behaved differently, but that is how all the latest releases for the last few years parse it.
Disclaimer: I am the project manager of that library.
It's interesting because I too can't seem to find any formal specification on why setting the un-fixed bits to 0 is the convention. Looking at RFC 4632 says:
[Classless prefixes] make explicit which bits in a 32-bit IPv4
address are interpreted as the network number (or prefix) associated
with a site and which are the used to number individual end systems
within the site.
Even with the convention of setting the un-fixed bits to 0, you may have CIDR notation that has an IP ending in a non-zero number. For example: 192.168.1.254/31 which represents the range of IPs from 192.168.1.254 to 192.168.1.255.
CIDR notation only specifies the number of bits that are fixed, so even if you put .64 it would appear that the /24 still represents only 24 fixed bits of the IP address.
You can see that the CIDR Calculator from ARIN shows that 1.2.3.64/24 still represents all IP addresses from 1.2.3.0 to 1.2.3.255.
Screenshot here.
Now it may be that different systems are implemented to handle this situation differently, so I would personally follow the convention, but from the perspective of CIDR notation (and what I can seem to find in the RFC) it should still represent the entire range.
The question is really basic, but I could not find reliable sources after googling for a while.
What are the standard ways to indicate subnetworks or network segments as a range of IP addresses?
For instance, the range 1.2.3.0/24 corresponds to the set of IP addresses whose first 3 octets are 1.2.3. I think this could be written as 1.2.3.0-1.2.3.255, if the notation $firstip-$lastip is valid.
Is this notation valid? Would something like 1.2.3.0-255 be valid as well?
I'm interested to both IPv4 and IPv6.
Normally, you don't use ranges, you use CIDR notation.
With CIDR, a suffix /n is used to indicate the length of the network mask. 10.0.0.0/8 represents 10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255 and so on.
Anything else is not really standard and depends on the context. Essentially, you can use any notation that is not ambiguous. I'd accept a range in the last octet or for the full address but nothing in between (like 1.2.3-5.0-255).
With IPv6 there's little necessity to use 'crooked', non-binary ranges due to the vast address space. Just use subnets indicating the prefix length at all times.
This was one task I had as homework I just can't seem to understand. And my teacher is having a hard time explaining it to class. So here I am:
The problem:
What is the subnet mask of following host-address range? 99.224.0.1 - 99.239.255.254
My solution (or as far as I got)
First i wrote down the IPs in binary:
99.224.0.1
01100011.11100000.00000000.00000001
99.239.255.254
01100011.11101111.11111111.11111110
What I know is this is a A class network. And I thought it must have something to do with the difference in the bits, so I started to compare. (highest first)
01100011.11101111.11111111.11111110
01100011.11100000.00000000.00000001 (diff)
-----------------------------------
00000000.00001111.11111111.11111111
I ignored the last bit, because of the network / broadcast address.
Now I can turn it around and have my subnet mask?:
11111111.11110000.00000000.00000000
255.240.0.0
My question is: Is my approach correct? Is there an easier way to do it (by hand, or calc)?
If I'm very far from the correct way to do it, could someone help me understand?
Thanks for any help.
Your answer is correct, except that classful addresses don't exist anymore. The internet moved to Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) in 1993 so your terminology is a bit outdated ;)
IP networking these days works with routing prefixes. A prefix is a range of IP addresses defined by the first address in that range and the number of fixed bits at the start of the address. Your example shows this nicely.
Your example range is 99.224.0.1 - 99.239.255.254. Actually it is 99.224.0.0 - 99.239.255.255 because when used on a subnet the first and last addresses are reserved (but still part of the subnet and prefix).
The first address in the prefix we already have: 99.224.0.0. You can see the prefix length from your binary calculation (slightly modified):
01100011.11101111.11111111.11111111
01100011.11100000.00000000.00000000
----------------------------------- (xor)
00000000.00001111.11111111.11111111
----------------------------------- (not)
11111111.11110000.00000000.00000000
Just count the number of 1s at the beginning: 12. So your prefix is 99.224.0.0/12. This prefix covers all addresses that match 01100011.1110****.********.********.
When writing the prefix length down as a subnet mask you indeed get 255.240.0.0.
A little off-topic here because it is about networking and not about the algorithm to calculate the subnet mask, but maybe helpful: an example of how you can plan network addressing:
Lets say that for my office building I get IP addresses 192.0.2.0/24 (that is 192.0.2.0 - 192.0.2.255, subnet mask 255.255.255.0, 256 addresses). I need 50 addresses for servers, 100 addresses for employee devices and 40 addresses for guests.
Because addressing works with prefixes everything you get is a power of 2. If you use a /24 you have a prefix with 256 addresses. The full address is 32 bits, the first 24 are fixed so you have 8 bits left to use. 28 = 256. If you use a /25 you have a prefix 128 addresses, a /26 has 64 addresses etc.
That way you can also split up a prefix. 192.0.2.0/24 can be split up into 192.0.2.0/25 and 192.0.2.128/25. And those can be split again and again until you have a prefix that covers only a single address: a /32.
back to the example. To get (at least) 50 addresses for the servers I need to round up to the next power of 2. That is 26 = 64. To have that many addresses I need a /26 prefix. For the client devices I need to round up to 128 (27) so we need a /25. For the guests the next power of 2 is 64 (26) so a /26.
So we need to split up out /24 into a /25 and two /26s. One possible solution is:
Client devices: 192.0.2.0/25
Servers: 192.0.2.128/26
Guests: 192.0.2.192/26
Once we configure these subnets on our devices the first and last address of each subnet become special (the network and broadcast address) so we can use these ranges for our devices:
Client devices: 192.0.2.1 - 192.0.2.126
Servers: 192.0.2.129 - 192.0.2.190
Guests: 192.0.2.193 - 192.0.2.254
I am writing a UI class for handling IP address and I was wondering if a specific name exists for each of the four sections of IP address V4, to distinguish each part!
It is a mistake to think of an IP address as four octets. Ever since Classless Interdomain Routing came in over 20 years ago they are called 'bits'. There are now only two parts: the 'network address', which is the part that is masked in by the netmask, and the 'host identifier', which is the part that is masked out. The two parts are of variable length depending on the netmask.
No, there is not.
You could just name them first, second, etc...
I am told that one can derive the port number if the IP is of the given form.
How does one do that? My searches didnt lead me anywhere
Edit ==
I am leaving the question containing the term IP address as this is something many people are likely to search for. Technically, from the document linked in the answer
If
this command is used, the argument is the concatenation of a
32-bit internet host address and a 16-bit TCP port address.
This address information is broken into 8-bit fields and the
value of each field is transmitted as a decimal number (in
character string representation). The fields are separated
by commas. A port command would be:
PORT h1,h2,h3,h4,p1,p2
where h1 is the high order 8 bits of the internet host
address.
I assume you're talking about the PORT ftp command.
As seen in the RFC 959, page 28, those two numbers represents the two bytes of a 16-bit word, as decimal numbers, with the high one first.
The general formula is:
(b1 << 8) | b2
Applied to your specific case:
(193 << 8) | 148 = 49 556