OCaml - Error: Module `Unix' is unavailable [closed] - unix

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I have been working through Harvard's CS51 class using materials available online. I'm trying to start the final project and downloaded the necessary files, but when I try to compile them I get the following error:
Error: Module `Unix' is unavailable (required by `Thread')
Command exited with code 2.
Compilation unsuccessful after building 18 targets (15 cached) in 00:00:00.
I have not made any changes to the code I downloaded yet and supposedly I should be able to compile it successfully in its current state. Any ideas why I might be getting this error?
EDIT: Below is the code from the file I downloaded and am trying to compile.
module Ev = Evaluation ;;
module MP = Miniml_parse ;;
module ML = Miniml_lex ;;
module Ex = Expr ;;
open Printf ;;
(* str_to_exp str -- Returns the expression specified by `str` using
the MiniML parser. *)
let str_to_exp (str: string) : Ex.expr =
let lexbuf = Lexing.from_string str in
let exp = MP.input ML.token lexbuf in
exp ;;
(* repl () -- Read-eval-print loop for MiniML, which prompts for and
evaluates MiniML expressions, printing the resulting value. Exits
the loop and terminates upon reading an end-of-file
(control-d). *)
let repl () =
(* lexical analyzer buffer from stdin *)
let lexbuf = Lexing.from_channel stdin in
(* set up the initial environment *)
let env = Ev.Env.empty () in
(* the main LOOP *)
while true do
(try
(* prompt *)
printf "<== %!";
(* READ and parse an expression from the input *)
let exp = MP.input ML.token lexbuf in
(* EVALuate it *)
let res = Ev.evaluate exp env in
(* PRINT the result; in this initial version, the trivial
evaluator just returns the expression unchanged as an
element of the `Env.value` type (found in `expr.ml`), so we
just extract the expression back out and print it *)
match res with
| Val resexp ->
printf "==> %s\n" (Ex.exp_to_abstract_string resexp)
| _ -> failwith "not handling other cases yet"
with
| MP.Error -> printf "xx> parse error\n"
| Ev.EvalError msg -> printf "xx> evaluation error: %s\n" msg
| Ev.EvalException -> printf "xx> evaluation exception\n"
| End_of_file -> printf "Goodbye.\n"; exit 0
);
flush stdout
done
;;
(* Run REPL if called from command line *)
try
let _ = Str.search_forward (Str.regexp "miniml\\.\\(byte\\|native\\|bc\\|exe\\)")
(Sys.argv.(0)) 0 in
repl ()
with Not_found -> () ;;
If I add open Unix it does take care of the error above, but I then get a different error:
26 | let lexbuf = Lexing.from_channel stdin in
^^^^^
Error: This expression has type Unix.file_descr
but an expression was expected of type in_channel
Command exited with code 2.

Generally, you have to explicitly ask to be linked to the Unix module.
The following program:
$ cat main.ml
Unix.gethostname () |> print_endline
would need to be built like this:
$ ocamlfind opt -linkpkg -package unix -o main main.ml; echo $?
0
whereas the bare minimum would fail with a similar error as yours:
$ ocamlopt -o main main.ml; echo $?
File "main.ml", line 1:
Error: No implementations provided for the following modules:
Unix referenced from main.cmx
2
That said, it looks like you're using Core, in which case (as well as most
other cases, actually) you're probably better off with dune:
$ cat dune
(executable
(name main)
(libraries unix))
$ dune build main.exe
$ ./_build/default/main.exe
amam-oy
However, if you ask Dune to link you to Core, Unix is already included
automatically, so the following dune file would also work for the above
program:
$ cat dune
(executable
(name main)
(libraries core))

Just add
open Unix;;
at the very start of your .ml file

Related

Assembly.LoadFrom fails but only sporadically

I want to write a program that watches a .dll for changes. When a change happens, it should load the assembly and invoke the foo function inside.
I have some code that should implement this, but it behaves strangely. Sometimes it works. Sometimes the assembly it loads will be an old version. Sometimes it will throw a BadImageFormatException exception.
Here is my program code (it is F# but I think this is a general .NET Core question):
module HotReloadDemo
open System
open System.IO
open System.Reflection
[<EntryPoint>]
let main argv =
let assemblyPath = argv.[0] // Path to the .dll to watch
let mutable lastWriteTime = DateTime.MinValue
while true do
let writeTime =
if File.Exists assemblyPath
then
File.GetLastWriteTimeUtc assemblyPath
else
lastWriteTime
if writeTime > lastWriteTime
then
lastWriteTime <- writeTime
try
printfn "Last write time: %O " lastWriteTime
printfn "Waiting for the build to finish (this is a hack)... "
Threading.Thread.Sleep 10000 // 10s is plenty long enough for the build to finish
printfn "Loading assembly path from: %s " assemblyPath
let assembly = Assembly.LoadFrom assemblyPath
printfn "Got assembly: %O" (assembly.GetName ())
let foo : (Unit -> int) option =
assembly.GetExportedTypes()
|> Array.tryHead
|> Option.bind (fun t -> t.GetMethod "foo" |> Option.ofObj)
|> Option.map (fun m -> (fun () -> m.Invoke (null, Array.empty) :?> int))
match foo with
| Some foo ->
printfn "foo () = %O" (foo ())
| None ->
printfn "foo not found"
with exn ->
printfn "%O" exn
else
()
Threading.Thread.Sleep 1000
0
I then have a very simple library to be watched in another project like this:
module HotReload
let foo () =
123456
To test it, I launch the "watcher" program. It successfully loads and invokes foo.
Then, I modify my library (e.g. to return a different number) and build it with dotnet build.
The watcher detects the change, loads the assembly again and invokes foo, but it prints the number from before the change!
Then, I modify the library again with a different number. It detects the change but crashes:
...
Loading assembly path from: ../hot-reload-lib/bin/Debug/netstandard2.0/hot-reload-lib.dll
System.BadImageFormatException: Could not load file or assembly '<Unknown>'. Index not found. (0x80131124)
File name: '<Unknown>'
at System.Runtime.Loader.AssemblyLoadContext.LoadFromPath(IntPtr ptrNativeAssemblyLoadContext, String ilPath, String niPath, ObjectHandleOnStack retAssembly)
at System.Runtime.Loader.AssemblyLoadContext.LoadFromAssemblyPath(String assemblyPath)
at System.Reflection.Assembly.LoadFrom(String assemblyFile)
...
What is going on here?
dotnet --version
3.0.100
lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description: Ubuntu 18.04.3 LTS
Release: 18.04
Codename: bionic

Issues with reading file in erlang

So, I am trying to read and write into a file.
While writing into the file, I need to check if a particular index exist in file then I don't write and throw error.
The data in file will look like this:
{1,{data,dcA,1}}.
{2, {data, dcA, 2}}.
{3,{data,dcA,3}}.
I added the dot at the end of each line because file:consult() needs the file like this.
Which is in this format.
{Index, {Data, Node, Index}}
When I have to add a new file, I check with this Index.
Here's what I have tried so far - https://pastebin.com/apnWLk45
And I run it like this:
193> {ok, P9} = poc:start(test1, self()).
{ok,<0.2863.0>}
194> poc:add(P9, Node, {6, data}).
In poc:add/3, P9 is the process id from the file:open.
I defined before in shell as dcA
And the third is the data - which is in this format - {Index, data}
Since I am using file:consult/1, it takes the filename as parameter. At that point, I only have process id. So I take the name from
file:pid2name(_Server).
This runs perfectly when I run it for the first time.
When I run this again - poc:add(P9, Node, {6, data2}), I get an error in this line file:pid2name(_Server).
exception error: no match of right hand side value undefined
How can I solve this issue?
I am new to Erlang. Just been a week that I started learning.
I am trying to read and write into a file. While writing into the
file, I need to check if a particular index exist in file then I don't
write and throw error.
A DETS table can easily do what you want:
-module(my).
-compile(export_all).
open_table() ->
dets:open_file(my_data, [{type, set}, {file, "./my_data.dets"}]).
close_table() ->
dets:close(my_data).
clear_table() ->
dets:delete_all_objects(my_data).
insert({Key, _Rest}=Data) ->
case dets:member(my_data, Key) of
true -> throw(index_already_exists);
false -> dets:insert(my_data, Data)
end.
all_items() ->
dets:match(my_data, '$1').
In the shell:
~/erlang_programs$ erl
Erlang/OTP 20 [erts-9.2] [source] [64-bit] [smp:4:4] [ds:4:4:10] [async-threads:10] [hipe] [kernel-poll:false]
Eshell V9.2 (abort with ^G)
1> c(my).
my.erl:2: Warning: export_all flag enabled - all functions will be exported
{ok,my}
2> my:open_table().
{ok,my_data}
3> my:clear_table().
ok
4> my:all_items().
[]
5> my:insert({1, {data, a, b}}).
ok
6> my:insert({2, {data, c, d}}).
ok
7> my:insert({3, {data, e, f}}).
ok
8> my:all_items().
[[{1,{data,a,b}}],[{2,{data,c,d}}],[{3,{data,e,f}}]]
9> my:insert({1, {data, e, f}}).
** exception throw: index_already_exists
in function my:insert/1 (my.erl, line 15)
When I run this again - poc:add(P9, Node, {6, data2}), I get an error
in this line file:pid2name(_Server):
exception error: no match of right hand side value undefined
When a process opens a file, it becomes linked to a process that handles the file I/O, which means that if the process that opens the file terminates abnormally, the I/O process will also terminate. Here is an example:
-module(my).
-compile(export_all).
start() ->
{ok, Pid} = file:open('data.txt', [read, write]),
spawn(my, add, [Pid, x, y]),
exit("bye").
add(Pid, _X, _Y) ->
timer:sleep(1000), %Let start() process terminate.
{ok, Fname} = file:pid2name(Pid),
io:format("~s~n", [Fname]).
In the shell:
1> c(my).
my.erl:2: Warning: export_all flag enabled - all functions will be exported
{ok,my}
2> my:start().
** exception exit: "bye"
in function my:start/0 (my.erl, line 7)
3>
=ERROR REPORT==== 25-Jun-2018::13:28:48 ===
Error in process <0.72.0> with exit value:
{{badmatch,undefined},[{my,add,3,[{file,"my.erl"},{line,12}]}]}
According to the pid2name() docs:
pid2name(Pid) -> {ok, Filename} | undefined
the function can return undefined, which is what the error message is saying happened.

Function clause error Erlang

I am trying to understand process communication in erlang. Here I have a master process and five friends process. If a friend sends a message to any of the other 5 they have to reply back. But the master should be aware of all this. I am pasting the code below.
-module(prog).
-import(lists,[append/2,concat/1]).
-import(maps,[from_lists/1,find/2,get/2,update/3]).
-import(string,[equal/2]).
-import(file,[consult/1]).
-export([create_process/1,friends/4, master/1, main/0,prnt/1]).
%% CREATE PROCESS
create_process([])->ok;
create_process([H|T])->
{A,B} = H,
Pid = spawn(prog,friends,[B,self(),0,A]),
register(A,Pid),
create_process(T).
%% FRIENDS PROCESS
friends(Msg, M_pid, State, Self_name)->
S = lists:concat([Self_name," state =",State,"\n"]),
io:fwrite(S),
if
State == 0 ->
timer:sleep(500),
io:fwrite("~p~n",[Self_name]),
lists:foreach(fun(X) -> whereis(X)!{Self_name,"intro",self()} end, Msg),
friends(Msg, M_pid, State + 1, Self_name);
State > 0 ->
receive
{Process_name, Process_msg, Process_id} ->
I = equal(Process_msg,"intro"),
R = equal(Process_msg,"reply"),
XxX = lists:concat([Self_name," recieved ",Process_msg," from ",Process_name,"\n"]),
io:fwrite(XxX),
if
I == true ->
io:fwrite("~p~n",[whereis(Process_name)]),
M_pid!{lists:concat([Self_name," received intro message from ", Process_name , "[",Process_id,"]"]), self()},
io:fwrite(I),
whereis(Process_name)!{Self_name, "reply",self()},
friends(Msg, M_pid, State + 1, Self_name);
R == true ->
M_pid!{lists:concat([Self_name," received reply message from ", Process_name , "[",Process_id,"]"]), self()},
io:fwrite(R),
friends(Msg, M_pid, State + 1, Self_name)
end
after
1000->
io:fwrite(lists:concat([Self_name," has received no calls for 1 second, ending..."]))
end
end.
master(State)->
receive
{Process_message, Process_id} ->
io:fwrite(Process_message),
master(State+1)
after
2000->
ok
end.
main() ->
B = [{john, [jill,joe,bob]},
{jill, [bob,joe,bob]},
{sue, [jill,jill,jill,bob,jill]},
{bob, [john]},
{joe, [sue]}],
create_process(B),
io:fwrite("~p~n",[whereis(sue)]),
master(0).
I think the line in friends() function,
M_pid!{lists:concat([Self_name," received intro message from ", Process_name , "[",Process_id,"]"]), self()}
is the cause of error but I cannot understand why. M_pid is known and I am concatenating all the info and sending it to master but I am confused why it isnt working.
The error I am getting is as follows:
Error in process <0.55.0> with exit value: {function_clause,[{lists,thing_to_list,
[<0.54.0>],
[{file,"lists.erl"},{line,603}]},
{lists,flatmap,2,[{file,"lists.erl"},{line,1250}]},
{lists,flatmap,2,[{file,"lists.erl"},{line,1250}]},
{prog,friends,4,[{file,"prog.erl"},{line,45}]}]}
I dont know what is causing the error. Sorry for asking noob questions and thanks for your help.
An example of what Dogbert discovered:
-module(my).
-compile(export_all).
go() ->
Pid = spawn(my, nothing, []),
lists:concat(["hello", Pid]).
nothing() -> nothing.
In the shell:
2> c(my).
my.erl:2: Warning: export_all flag enabled - all functions will be exported
{ok,my}
3> my:go().
** exception error: no function clause matching
lists:thing_to_list(<0.75.0>) (lists.erl, line 603)
in function lists:flatmap/2 (lists.erl, line 1250)
in call from lists:flatmap/2 (lists.erl, line 1250)
4>
But:
-module(my).
-compile(export_all).
go() ->
Pid = spawn(my, nothing, []),
lists:concat(["hello", pid_to_list(Pid)]).
nothing() -> nothing.
In the shell:
4> c(my).
my.erl:2: Warning: export_all flag enabled - all functions will be exported
{ok,my}
5> my:go().
"hello<0.83.0>"
From the erl docs:
concat(Things) -> string()
Things = [Thing]
Thing = atom() | integer() | float() | string()
The list that you feed concat() must contain either atoms, integers, floats, or strings. A pid is neither an atom, integer, float, nor string, so a pid cannot be used with concat(). However, pid_to_list() returns a string:
pid_to_list(Pid) -> string()
Pid = pid()
As you can see, a pid has its own type: pid().
I ran your code.
Where you went wrong was to pass Process_id(which is of type pid()) to lists:concat/1.
Let us try to understand this error:
{function_clause,[{lists,thing_to_list,
[<0.84.0>],
[{file,"lists.erl"},{line,603}]},
{lists,flatmap,2,[{file,"lists.erl"},{line,1250}]},
{lists,flatmap,2,[{file,"lists.erl"},{line,1250}]},
{prog,friends,4,[{file,"prog.erl"},{line,39}]}]}
It states the function lists:thing_to_list/1 has no definition(see the word function_clause in the error log) which accepts an argument of type pid() as denoted here by [<0.84.0>].
Strings are represented as lists in erlang, which is why we use lists:concat/1.
As #7stud pointed out these are the valid types which can be passed to lists:concat/1 as per the documentation:
atom() | integer() | float() | string()
There are 2 occurrences of the following line. Fix them and you are good to go:
Incorrect Code:
M_pid!{lists:concat([Self_name," received intro message from ", Process_name , "[",Process_id,"]"]), self()},
Corrected Code
M_pid!{lists:concat([Self_name," received intro message from ", Process_name , "[",pid_to_list(Process_id),"]"]), self()},
Notice the use of the function erlang:pid_to_list/1. As per the documentation the function accepts type pid() and returns it as string().

How to check if can write to a folder

In julia, how do I check if the current is allowed to write to a folder?
I could do the python way, and just attempt to do it, and then fail fail and recover.
(In my case I can definitely recover, I have a list of locations to attempt to write to, as fallbacks. I expect the first few not to work (The first few are shared locations, so only computer admins are likely to have permission to writer there)
Python has also os.access function. Maybe Julia will have something similar in the future. Now we could borrow idea. :)
It is implemented in posixmodule.c (also functionality for windows!) so if you are on posix you could simply mimic:
julia> const R_OK = 4 # readability
julia> const W_OK = 2 # writability
julia> const X_OK = 1 # executability
julia> const F_OK = 4 # existence
julia> access(path, mode) = ccall(:access, Cint, (Cstring, Cint), path, mode) == 0;
Small test:
julia> access("/root", W_OK)
false
julia> access("/tmp", W_OK)
true
(for windows it could be just a little more complicated... But I could not test it now)
EDIT:
Thanks to Matt B. we could use libuv support in Julia which has to be portable (although slower on posix systems):
julia> function uv_access(path, mode)
local ret
req = Libc.malloc(Base._sizeof_uv_fs)
try
ret = ccall(:uv_fs_access, Int32, (Ptr{Void}, Ptr{Void}, Cstring, Int64, Ptr{Void}), Base.eventloop(), req, path, mode, C_NULL)
ccall(:uv_fs_req_cleanup, Void, (Ptr{Void},), req)
finally
Libc.free(req)
end
return ret, ret==0 ? "OK" : Base.struverror(ret)
end
julia> uv_access("/tmp", W_OK)
(0, "OK")
julia> uv_access("/root", W_OK)
(-13, "permission denied")
julia> uv_access("/nonexist", W_OK)
(-2, "no such file or directory")
Is the following sufficient:
julia> testdir(dirpath) = try (p,i) = mktemp(dirpath) ; rm(p) ; true catch false end
testdir (generic function with 1 method)
julia> testdir("/tmp")
true
julia> testdir("/root")
false
Returns true if dirpath is writable (by creating a temporary file inside a try-catch block). To find the first writable directory in a list, the following can be used:
julia> findfirst(testdir, ["/root","/tmp"])
2
Doing apropos("permissions"):
julia> apropos("permissions")
Base.Filesystem.gperm
Base.Filesystem.mkpath
Base.Filesystem.operm
Base.Filesystem.uperm
Base.Filesystem.mkdir
Base.Filesystem.chmod
shows a function called Base.Filesystem.uperm which seems to do exactly what you want it to:
help?> uperm
search: uperm supertype uppercase UpperTriangular isupper unescape_string unsafe_pointer_to_objref
uperm(file)
Gets the permissions of the owner of the file as a bitfield of
Value Description
––––– ––––––––––––––––––
01 Execute Permission
02 Write Permission
04 Read Permission
For allowed arguments, see stat.
Unfortunately it seems to be a bit buggy on my (old v7 nightly) build:
julia> uperm("/root")
0x07 # Uhhh I hope not?
I will update my build and raise a bug if one is not already present.
PS. In case it wasn't clear, I would expect to use this in combination with isdir to detect directory permissions specifically
I don't think that Dan Getz's answer will work on Windows because the temporary file created cannot be deleted while there is an open handle to it, but this amended version with a call to close does work:
function isfolderwritable(folder)
try
(p,i) = mktemp(folder)
close(i)
rm(p)
return(true)
catch
return(false)
end
end

Code snippet works in an online IDE but not on my local ghc

As a beginner, i wrote a snippet to flip a string's case.
module Main
where
import Data.Char
main=do
str<-getLine
putStrLn ( reverser(str) )
reverser:: String -> String
reverser [] = []
reverser (x:xs) | isUpper x = toLower x : reverser xs
| otherwise = toUpper x : reverser xs
And it worked perfectly on the hackerearth.com's IDE
IDE screenshot
However,when I tried running the same on my machine, the code is executing endlessly and not coming up with any output nor error.
Terminal
What am I doing wrong?

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