I am using backintime for backup which in turn uses rsync to make snapshots.
Most filesystems on the computer are XFS, including the rsync target,
system is Ubuntu 20.04 with rsync version 3.1.3 protocol version 31.
I get an exit code 2 from rsync which is Protocol incompatibility,
and some digging shows this happens if you are running rsync across some (ssh) connection
between two computers with different rsync versions, or login scripts injecting some unexpected output into the ssh connection. None of that is the case here, this is all local,
see below for the command line.
=> Anymore insights into this rsync error ? How can a local Protocol incompatibility happen
if there is just one /usr/bin/rsync ?
Yours,
Steffen
The local USB disk mounted as
type xfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,attr2,inode64,logbufs=8,logbsize=32k,noquota,uhelper=udisks2)
INFO: Call rsync to take the snapshot
QStandardPaths: XDG_RUNTIME_DIR not set, defaulting to '/tmp/runtime-root'
WARNING: Command "rsync --recursive --times --devices --specials --hard-links --human-readable \
--links --acls --xattrs --perms --executability --group --owner --info=progress2 \
--no-inc-recursive --delete --delete-excluded -v -i \
--out-format=BACKINTIME: %i %n%L --link-dest=../../20210301-082432-781/backup \
--chmod=Du+wx --exclude=/media/sneumann/LinuxBackup/msbi-corei \
--exclude=/root/.local/share/backintime --exclude=.local/share/backintime/mnt \
--exclude=.gvfs --exclude=.cache* --exclude=[Cc]ache* --exclude=.thumbnails* \
--exclude=[Tt]rash* --exclude=*.backup* --exclude=*~ \
--exclude=/home/sneumann/Ubuntu One --exclude=.dropbox* --exclude=/proc/* \
--exclude=/sys/* --exclude=/dev/* --exclude=/run/* --exclude=/media \
--exclude=/root/.local/share/backintime/takesnapshot_.log \
--exclude=/root/.local/share/backintime --include=/ --include=/** \
--exclude=* / /media/sneumann/LinuxBackup/msbi-corei/backintime/msbi-corei/root/1/new_snapshot/backup"
returns 2
Related
Please we're facing some issues when installing Varnish 6.0.8 on ubutnu 18.04.6 OS, it doesn't create the secret file inside the /etc/varnish dir as shown below:
enter image description here
we use the following script to for installation :
curl -s https://packagecloud.io/install/repositories/varnishcache/varnish60lts/script.deb.sh | sudo bash
can someone please help ?
PS: we tried to install later versions (6.6 and 7.0.0) and we got the same issue.
Form a security point of view, remote CLI access is not enabled by default. You can see this when looking at /lib/systemd/system/varnish.service:
[Unit]
Description=Varnish Cache, a high-performance HTTP accelerator
After=network-online.target nss-lookup.target
[Service]
Type=forking
KillMode=process
# Maximum number of open files (for ulimit -n)
LimitNOFILE=131072
# Locked shared memory - should suffice to lock the shared memory log
# (varnishd -l argument)
# Default log size is 80MB vsl + 1M vsm + header -> 82MB
# unit is bytes
LimitMEMLOCK=85983232
# Enable this to avoid "fork failed" on reload.
TasksMax=infinity
# Maximum size of the corefile.
LimitCORE=infinity
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/varnishd \
-a :6081 \
-a localhost:8443,PROXY \
-p feature=+http2 \
-f /etc/varnish/default.vcl \
-s malloc,256m
ExecReload=/usr/sbin/varnishreload
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
There are no -T and -S parameters in the standard systemd configuration. However, you can enable this by modifying the systemd configuration yourself.
Just run sudo systemctl edit --full varnish to edit the runtime configuration and add a -T parameter to enable remote CLI access.
Be careful with this and make sure you restrict access to this endpoint via firewalling rules.
Additionally you'll add -S /etc/varnish/secret as a varnishd runtime parameter in /lib/systemd/system/varnish.service.
You can use the following command to add a random unique value to the secret file:
uuidgen | sudo tee /etc/varnish/secret
This is what your runtime parameters would look like:
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/varnishd \
-a :6081 \
-a localhost:8443,PROXY \
-p feature=+http2 \
-f /etc/varnish/default.vcl \
-s malloc,2g \
-S /etc/varnish/secret \
-T :6082
When you're done just run the following command to restart Varnish:
sudo systemctl restart varnish
I'm trying to bootstrap some installation automation of a freshly downloaded ISO in QEMU. I create a clean img to install to and kick off QEMU like this:
$ qemu-img create -f qcow2 out/main.img 15G
$ qemu-system-x86_64
-m 8G \
-serial stdio \
-cdrom out/linux.iso \
-drive file=out/main.img,if=virtio \
-netdev user,id=net0 \
-device e1000,netdev=net0
and I can see Arch boot up. At first both the display and the terminal are in sync, but they soon diverge after this the GRUB boot up screen.
I'm not sure what piece I'm missing to get this to work. I've seen some people suggest adding -append "root=/dev/sda console=ttyS0" to your QEMU arguments, but (from what I can tell) while it requires you to extract the kernel and the initram from the ISO (which should be easy enough as mounting and copy/pasting the correct files) but it also expects you to already have an installed system on /dev/sda (which is what I'm trying to bootstrap).
At this point I don't know what to search for next, how do I get the full terminal session in my current terminal and not just in my display?
In this case, it was as #Peter Maydell commented; this is not a QEMU question. QEMU was doing exactly what it was supposed to do, but Arch had to be told to utilize the serial console as its primary means of communication.
Two samples of how this can be done
bash via console
pipe_dir="$(mktemp -d)"
mkfifo "${pipe_dir}/pipe.in" "${pipe_dir}/pipe.out"
function cleanup {
rm -rfv "${pipe_dir}"
}
trap cleanup EXIT
qemu-system-x86_64 \
-m 8G \
-display none \
-serial stdio \
-drive file=./out/linux.iso,index=0,media=cdrom \
-drive file=./out/main.img,if=virtio &
sleep 2s
printf "\t" > "${pipe_dir}/pipe.in"
sleep 2s
printf " console=ttyS0,115200" > "${pipe_dir}/pipe.in"
sleep 2s
echo > "${pipe_dir}/pipe.in"
# Whatever other interactions you want go here...
wait
expect via console
set timeout -1
spawn qemu-system-x86_64 \
-m 8G \
-display none \
-serial stdio \
-drive file=./out/linux.iso,index=0,media=cdrom \
-drive file=./out/main.img,if=virtio
sleep 1
send \t
sleep 1
send " console=ttyS0,115200"
sleep 1
send \n
In theory this should be fine, but in practice I still had difficulty interacting with the console and sending characters over to login correctly. I'm sure there is probably more user-error on my part than not.
A better solution (again contextual to Arch and not QEMU specifically) was to use a cloud-init script that included my SSH public key. Interactions with the VM were stable, reliable, and easily reproducible.
bash with cloud-init/ssh
$ touch ./out/meta-data
$ cat > ./out/user-data <<EOF
#cloud-config
users:
- name: root
ssh_authorized_keys:
- $(cat ${HOME}/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub)
EOF
$ xorriso -as genisoimage -output ./out/cloud-init.iso \
-volid CIDATA -joliet -rock ./out/meta-data ./out/user-data
$ qemu-system-x86_64 \
-m 8G \
-drive file=./out/linux.iso,index=0,media=cdrom \
-drive file=./out/cloud-init.iso,index=1,media=cdrom \
-drive file=./out/main.img,if=virtio \
-net user,hostfwd=tcp::10022-:22 \
-net nic &
$ function qemu-ssh {
ssh -q -o ConnectTimeout=5 -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -o "UserKnownHostsFile /dev/null" -p 10022 root#localhost ${#}
}
$ printf 'Waiting for SSH to go live (this will take a while)...'
$ until qemu-ssh exit; do
printf '.'
done
# This convenience function starts an interactive
# session when supplied with no additional arguments
# but your automation can go here
$ qemu-ssh
I am getting an error from distcc. I am using the package from the repos. Here is my configuration
$ cat /etc/default/distcc | grep -v \#
STARTDISTCC="true"
ALLOWEDNETS="127.0.0.0/16 10.0.0.0/8"
LISTENER="0.0.0.0"
NICE="10"
JOBS="3"
ZEROCONF="true"
$ cat /etc/distcc/hosts | grep -v \#
+zeroconf
$ dpkg -l | grep distcc
ii distcc 3.1-6 amd64 simple distributed compiler client and server
ii distcc-pump 3.1-6 amd64 pump mode for distcc a distributed compiler client and server
$ cat ~/.distcc/zeroconf/hosts
10.16.114.52:3632/16
$ ifconfig
...
inet addr:10.16.114.52 Bcast:10.16.115.255 Mask:255.255.252.0
...
When I run a bunch of compilations (1000 C files I generated) like,
distcc gcc -o 41.o -c 41.c
I get the error,
distcc[26927] (dcc_parse_hosts) Warning: /home/amacdonald/.distcc/zeroconf/hosts contained no hosts; can't distribute work
distcc[26927] (dcc_zeroconf_add_hosts) CRITICAL! failed to parse host file.
distcc[26927] (dcc_build_somewhere) Warning: failed to distribute, running locally instead
distcc[26929] (dcc_parse_hosts) Warning: /home/amacdonald/.distcc/zeroconf/hosts contained no hosts; can't distribute work
distcc[26929] (dcc_zeroconf_add_hosts) CRITICAL! failed to parse host file.
You need a hosts file with the list of machines that run distcc. Use this path:
~/.distcc/hosts
For example:
10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.42
Even with the hosts environment variable and hosts files, in /etc and /usr/local/etc, I distcc still couldn't find any hosts.
After checking the log:
DISTCCD_OPTS="${DISTCCD_OPTS} --log-file /var/log/distccd.log"
Which said:
(dcc_warn_masquerade_whitelist) CRITICAL! /usr/local/lib/distcc not found. You must see up masquerade (see distcc(1)) to list whitelisted compilers or pass --enable-tcp-insecure. To set up masquerade automatically run update-distcc-symlinks.
I had to run:
sudo update-distcc-symlinks
sudo ln -s /usr/lib/distcc /usr/local/lib/distcc
To get it working.
This question is inspired by Can you run GUI apps in a docker container?.
The basic idea is to run apps with audio and ui (vlc, firefox, skype, ...)
I was searching for docker containers using pulseaudio but all containers I found where using pulseaudio streaming over tcp.
(security sandboxing of the applications)
https://gist.github.com/hybris42/ce429de428e5af3a344a
https://github.com/jlund/docker-chrome-pulseaudio
https://github.com/tomparys/docker-skype-pulseaudio
In my case I would prefere playing audio from an app inside the container directly to my host pulseaudio. (without ssh tunneling and bloated docker images)
Pulseaudio because my qt app is using it ;)
it took me some time until i found out what is needed. (Ubuntu)
we start with the docker run command docker run -ti --rm myContainer sh -c "echo run something"
ALSA:
we need /dev/snd and some hardware access as it looks like.
when we put this together we have
docker run -ti --rm \
-v /dev/snd:/dev/snd \
--lxc-conf='lxc.cgroup.devices.allow = c 116:* rwm' \
myContainer sh -c "echo run something"`
In new docker versions without lxc flags you shoud use this:
docker run -ti --rm \
-v /dev/snd:/dev/snd \
--privileged \
myContainer sh -c "echo run something"`
PULSEAUDIO:
update: it may be enought to mount the pulseaudio socket within the container using -v option. this depends on your version and prefered access method. see other answers for the socket method.
Here we need basically /dev/shm, /etc/machine-id and /run/user/$uid/pulse. But that is not all (maybe because of Ubuntu and how they did it in the past). The envirorment variable XDG_RUNTIME_DIR has to be the same in the host system and in your docker container. You may also need /var/lib/dbus because some apps are accessing the machine id from here (may only containing a symbolic link to the 'real' machine id). And at least you may need the hidden home folder ~/.pulse for some temp data (i am not sure about this).
docker run -ti --rm \
-v /dev/shm:/dev/shm \
-v /etc/machine-id:/etc/machine-id \
-v /run/user/$uid/pulse:/run/user/$uid/pulse \
-v /var/lib/dbus:/var/lib/dbus \
-v ~/.pulse:/home/$dockerUsername/.pulse \
myContainer sh -c "echo run something"
In new docker versions you might need to add --privileged.
Of course you can combine both together and use it together with xServer ui forwarding like here: https://stackoverflow.com/a/28971413/2835523
Just to mention:
you can handle most of this (all without the used id) in the dockerfile
using uid=$(id -u) to get the user id and gid with id -g
creating a docker user with this id
create user script:
mkdir -p /home/$dockerUsername && \
echo "$dockerUsername:x:${uid}:${gid}:$dockerUsername,,,:/home/$dockerUsername:/bin/bash" >> /etc/passwd && \
echo "$dockerUsername:x:${uid}:" >> /etc/group && \
mkdir /etc/sudoers.d && \
echo "$dockerUsername ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL" > /etc/sudoers.d/$dockerUsername && \
chmod 0440 /etc/sudoers.d/$dockerUsername && \
chown ${uid}:${gid} -R /home/$dockerUsername
Inspired by the links you've posted, I was able to create the following solution. It is as lightweight as I could get it. However, I'm not sure if it is (1) secure, and (2) entirely fits your use-case (as it still uses the network).
Install paprefson your host system, e.g. using sudo apt-get install paprefs on an Ubuntu machine.
Launch PulseAudio Preferences, go to the "Network Server" tab, and check the "Enable network access to local sound devices" checkbox [1]
Restart your computer. (Only restarting Pulseaudio didn't work for me on Ubuntu 14.10)
Install Pulseaudio in your container, e.g. sudo apt-get install -y pulseaudio
In your container, run export "PULSE_SERVER=tcp:<host IP address>:<host Pulseaudio port>". For example, export "PULSE_SERVER=tcp:172.16.86.13:4713" [2]. You can find out your IP address using ifconfig and the Pulseaudio port using pax11publish [1].
That's it. Step 5 should probably be automated if the IP address and Pulseaudio port are subject to change. Additionally, I'm not sure if Docker permanently stores environment variables like PULSE_SERVER: If it doesn't then you have to initialize it after each container start.
Suggestions to make my approach even better would be greatly appreciated, since I'm currently working on a similar problem as the OP.
References:
[1] https://github.com/jlund/docker-chrome-pulseaudio
[2] https://github.com/jlund/docker-chrome-pulseaudio/blob/master/Dockerfile
UPDATE (and probably the better solution):
This also works using a Unix socket instead of a TCP socket:
Start the container with -v /run/user/$UID/pulse/native:/path/to/pulseaudio/socket
In the container, run export "PULSE_SERVER=unix:/path/to/pulseaudio/socket"
The /path/to/pulseaudio/socket can be anything, for testing purposes I used /home/user/pulse.
Maybe it will even work with the same path as on the host (taking care of the $UID part) as the default socket, this way the ultimate solution would be -v /run/user/$UID/pulse/native:/run/user/<UID in container>/pulse; I haven't tested this however.
After trying most of the solutions described here I found only PulseAudio over network to be really working. However you can make it safe by keeping the authentication.
Install paprefs (on host machine):
$ apt-get install paprefs
Launch paprefs (PulseAudio Preferences) > Network Server > [X] Enable network access to local sound devices.
Restart PulseAudio:
$ service pulseaudio restart
Check it worked or restart machine:
$ (pax11publish || xprop -root PULSE_SERVER) | grep -Eo 'tcp:[^ ]*'
tcp:myhostname:4713
Now use that socket:
$ docker run \
-e PULSE_SERVER=tcp:$(hostname -i):4713 \
-e PULSE_COOKIE=/run/pulse/cookie \
-v ~/.config/pulse/cookie:/run/pulse/cookie \
...
Check that the user running inside the container has access to the cookie file ~/.config/pulse/cookie.
To test it works:
$ apt-get install mplayer
$ mplayer /usr/share/sounds/alsa/Front_Right.wav
For more info may check Docker Mopidy project.
Assuming pulseaudio is installed on host and in image, one can provide pulseaudio sound over tcp with only a few steps. pulseaudio does not need to be restarted, and no configuration has to be done on host or in image either. This way it is included in x11docker, without the need of VNC or SSH:
First, find a free tcp port:
read LOWERPORT UPPERPORT < /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range
while : ; do
PULSE_PORT="`shuf -i $LOWERPORT-$UPPERPORT -n 1`"
ss -lpn | grep -q ":$PULSE_PORT " || break
done
Get ip adress of docker daemon. I always find it being 172.17.42.1/16
ip -4 -o a | grep docker0 | awk '{print $4}'
Load pulseaudio tcp module, authenticate connection to docker ip:
PULSE_MODULE_ID=$(pactl load-module module-native-protocol-tcp port=$PULSE_PORT auth-ip-acl=172.17.42.1/16)
On docker run, create environment variable PULSE_SERVER
docker run -e PULSE_SERVER=tcp:172.17.42.1:$PULSE_PORT yourimage
Afterwards, unload tcp module. (Note: for unknown reasons, unloading this module can stop pulseaudio daemon on host):
pactl unload-module $PULSE_MODULE_ID
Edit: How-To for ALSA and Pulseaudio in container
I managed to dockerize a Java game in the following ways, effectively passing through the game's sound.
This approach requires building an image, making sure the app has all the dependencies it'll need, in this case, pulseaudio and x11. If you're sure your images has everything it needs, you may procees as stated in the previous answers.
Here, we need to build the image, then we can actually launch it.
docker build -t my-unciv-image . # Run from directory where Dockerfile is
docker run --name unciv # image name\
--device /dev/dri \
-e DISPLAY=$DISPLAY \
-e PULSE_SERVER=unix:/run/user/1000/pulse/native \
--privileged \
-u $(id -u):$(id -g) \
-v /path/to/Unciv:/App \
-v /run/user/$(id -u)/pulse:/run/user/(id -u)/pulse \
-v /tmp/.X11-unix:/tmp/.X11-unix \
-w /App \
my-unciv-image \
java -jar /App/Unciv.jar
In the second command the following is specified:
--name: a name is given to the container
--device: video device*
-e: required environment vars
DISPLAY: the display number
PULSE_SERVER: PulseAudio audio server socket
--privileged: run ip privileged*, so it can access all devices
-v: Mounted volumes:
Path to the game mounted into /App in the container**
Audio server socke
Display server socket
-w: Working directory
Here is a docker-compose.yml version of it:
# docker-compose.yml
version: '3'
services:
unciv:
build: .
container_name: unciv
devices:
- /dev/dri:/dev/dri # * Either this
entrypoint: java -jar /App/Unciv.jar
environment:
- DISPLAY=$DISPLAY
- PULSE_SERVER=unix:/run/user/1000/pulse/native
privileged: true # * or this
user: 1000:1000
volumes:
- /path/to/game/:/App
- /run/user/1000/pulse:/run/user/1000/pulse
- /tmp/.X11-unix:/tmp/.X11-unix
working_dir: /App
FROM ubuntu:20.04
RUN apt-get update
RUN apt-get install openjdk-11-jre -y
RUN apt-get install -y xserver-xorg-video-all
RUN apt-get install -y libgl1-mesa-glx libgl1-mesa-dri
RUN apt-get install -y pulseaudio
USER unciv
Notes:
*Only required for a game or anything that uses openGL. Either passing the devices explicitly or running it as privileged, but I think it's enough to pass the device, making it privileged may be overkill.
**This math may be bundled with the docker image, but for a demo.
For the audio, it's required to pass env variable PULSE_SERVER and mounting the pulseaudio socket
Would I be able to use rsync as such:
rsync -e ssh root#remote.com:/path/to/file:/path/to/second/file/ /local/directory/
or would i have to do something else?
Directly from the rsync man page:
The syntax for requesting multiple files from a remote host is done
by specifying additional remote-host args in the same style as the
first, or with the hostname omitted. For instance, all these work:
rsync -av host:file1 :file2 host:file{3,4} /dest/
rsync -av host::modname/file{1,2} host::modname/file3 /dest/
rsync -av host::modname/file1 ::modname/file{3,4}
This means your example should have a space added before the second path:
rsync -e ssh root#remote.com:/path/to/file :/path/to/second/file/ /local/directory/
I'd suggest you first try it with the -n or --dry-run option, so you see what will be done, before the copy (and possible deletions) are actually performed.
just an actual example of #tonin. Download specific directories from live server
rsync -av root#123.124.137.147:/var/www/html/cls \
:/var/www/html/index.php \
:/var/www/html/header.inc \
:/var/www/html/version.inc.php \
:/var/www/html/style.css \
:/var/www/html/accounts \
:/var/www/html/admin \
:/var/www/html/api \
:/var/www/html/config \
:/var/www/html/main \
:/var/www/html/reports .