I am working on a project that needs multiple digital signals and I am considering the CD74HC4067 (on a break-board) to work as a multiplexer. More specifically i am trying to build a keypad with multiple ttp123 break-boards. Each ttp123 signal is connected to one of the 0-15 pins of the CD74HC4067. The S0-S3 pins are connected to digital Pins 7-4 on a pro mini. Signal is on A0 and EN is on A1. A1 and EN have a 4K7 resistor to ground. I power the setup with a separate 5v and the arduino is connected on a pc usb port.
I expect when a ttp123 is pressed to trigger a HIGH and this event to be passed to SIG pin.
Here is my code:
//Using CD74HC4067 16-Channel Analog Multiplexer
//Mux control pins
int s0 = 6;
int s1 = 7;
int s2 = 8;
int s3 = 9;
//Mux in "SIG" pin
int SIG_pin = A0;
int EN_pin = A1;
void setup(){
pinMode(s0, OUTPUT);
pinMode(s1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(s2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(s3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(EN_pin, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(s0, LOW);
digitalWrite(s1, LOW);
digitalWrite(s2, LOW);
digitalWrite(s3, LOW);
digitalWrite(EN_pin, LOW);
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("keypad interfacing_CD74HC4067 starting...");
}
void loop(){
String a;
//digitalWrite(EN_pin, HIGH);
Serial.println(" press any key to continue ...");
//digitalWrite(EN_pin, LOW);
while (!Serial.available());
while(Serial.available()) {
//Loop through and read all 16 values
for(int i = 0; i < 16; i ++){
//Serial.print("Value at channel ");
//Serial.print(i);
//Serial.print("is : ");
//Serial.println(readMux(i));
float volts = readMux(i);
Serial.print("Value at channel ");
Serial.print(i);
Serial.print(" is : ");
Serial.print(volts);
Serial.println();
//delay(1000);
}
a= Serial.readString();// read the incoming data as string
}
}
float readMux(int channel){
int controlPin[] = {s0, s1, s2, s3};
int muxChannel[16][4]={
{0,0,0,0}, //channel 0
{1,0,0,0}, //channel 1
{0,1,0,0}, //channel 2
{1,1,0,0}, //channel 3
{0,0,1,0}, //channel 4
{1,0,1,0}, //channel 5
{0,1,1,0}, //channel 6
{1,1,1,0}, //channel 7
{0,0,0,1}, //channel 8
{1,0,0,1}, //channel 9
{0,1,0,1}, //channel 10
{1,1,0,1}, //channel 11
{0,0,1,1}, //channel 12
{1,0,1,1}, //channel 13
{0,1,1,1}, //channel 14
{1,1,1,1} //channel 15
};
//loop through the 4 sig
for(int j = 0; j < 4; j ++){
digitalWrite(controlPin[j], muxChannel[channel][j]);
}
//read the value at the SIG pin
int val = analogRead(SIG_pin);
//return the value
float voltage = (val * 5) / 1024.0;
return voltage;
}
Just for simplicity, I have connected only one ttp123 on the system, ttp123 signal to channel12 on 74HC4067. With ttp123 touched, I would expect to get a high on SIG when I write
{0,0,1,1}, to S0-S3. All other channels should be LOW. However here is what I get:
On my first run after boot:
press any key to continue ...
Value at channel 0 is : 2.53
Value at channel 1 is : 2.58
Value at channel 2 is : 2.53
Value at channel 3 is : 2.60
Value at channel 4 is : 2.51
Value at channel 5 is : 2.55
Value at channel 6 is : 2.50
Value at channel 7 is : 2.52
Value at channel 8 is : 2.42
Value at channel 9 is : 2.47
Value at channel 10 is : 2.43
Value at channel 11 is : 2.50
Value at channel 12 is : 2.40
Value at channel 13 is : 2.43
Value at channel 14 is : 2.38
Value at channel 15 is : 2.44
and then all channels seem to lower...
press any key to continue ...
Value at channel 0 is : 1.70
Value at channel 1 is : 1.76
Value at channel 2 is : 1.71
Value at channel 3 is : 1.78
Value at channel 4 is : 1.70
Value at channel 5 is : 1.76
Value at channel 6 is : 1.72
Value at channel 7 is : 1.77
Value at channel 8 is : 1.67
Value at channel 9 is : 1.72
Value at channel 10 is : 1.69
Value at channel 11 is : 1.76
Value at channel 12 is : 1.69
Value at channel 13 is : 1.73
Value at channel 14 is : 1.67
Value at channel 15 is : 1.74
and I get no HIGH on channel 12 as I should.
Is there a need for a pullup or pulldown resistors in this setup? Should I connect a resistor to each S0-S3 with ground? Why is this not working?
Since there was an elementary failure in the code as well I would like to post the solution in here:
I had failed to initialize the A0 pin as input:
pinMode(SIG_pin, INPUT);
Here is the working set of code:
// interfacing mux with tp223
//Mux control pins
const int s0 = 6;
const int s1 = 7;
const int s2 = 8;
const int s3 = 9;
//Mux in "SIG" pin
int SIG_pin = A0;
int EN_pin = 10;
void setup(){
pinMode(s0, OUTPUT);
pinMode(s1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(s2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(s3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(SIG_pin, INPUT);
pinMode(EN_pin, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(s0, LOW);
digitalWrite(s1, LOW);
digitalWrite(s2, LOW);
digitalWrite(s3, LOW);
digitalWrite(EN_pin, LOW);
Serial.begin(115200);
Serial.println("keypad interfacing_CD74HC4067 starting...");
}
void loop(){
//Loop through and read all 16 values
for(int i = 0; i < 16; i ++){
int val = readMux(i);
if (val > 0) {
Serial.print(i);
Serial.print(" pressed ");
Serial.print(val);
Serial.println();
}
}
}
float readMux(int channel){
int controlPin[] = {s0, s1, s2, s3};
int muxChannel[16][4]={
{0,0,0,0}, //channel 0
{1,0,0,0}, //channel 1
{0,1,0,0}, //channel 2
{1,1,0,0}, //channel 3
{0,0,1,0}, //channel 4
{1,0,1,0}, //channel 5
{0,1,1,0}, //channel 6
{1,1,1,0}, //channel 7
{0,0,0,1}, //channel 8
{1,0,0,1}, //channel 9
{0,1,0,1}, //channel 10
{1,1,0,1}, //channel 11
{0,0,1,1}, //channel 12
{1,0,1,1}, //channel 13
{0,1,1,1}, //channel 14
{1,1,1,1} //channel 15
};
//loop through the 4 sig
for(int j = 0; j < 4; j ++){
digitalWrite(controlPin[j], muxChannel[channel][j]);
}
//read the value at the SIG pin
int val = digitalRead(SIG_pin);
//return the value
return val;
}
I would like to mention that there was a cabling issue as well. I pulled down the signal pin with a 10k resistor.
I have a size problem when using TCPDF to generate QR code with only ALPHANUMERICAL characters. My objective: generate the longest URL (with a random part), but keeping the QR code at its lowest size, i.e. 21x21 modules (version1).
Documentation (QRcode.com) reports that using only alphanumerical characters set (thonky.com), URL can be 25 characters long with ERC set to L.
Using write2DBarCode with this 25 Alphanumerical URL leads to version1 (21x21mod) QR as expected
$pdf->write2DBarcode('HTTP://SITE-COM/123456789', 'QRCODE,L', 20, 20, 40, 40, $style, 'N');
but changing to this other URL, with also 25 Alphanumerical, I get a version 2 (25x25mod) QR code, whereas a version 1 could be done (Tested on Nayuki)
$pdf->write2DBarcode('HTTP://TXT-CH/AYAWEQYAF4A', 'QRCODE,L', 20, 70, 40, 40, $style, 'N');
I join the TCPDF Outputs of the 2 QR codes given as examples TCPDF Outputs
Thank you in advance for your help on this wonderful TCPDF library.
Short answer: The TCPDF software that you are using is suboptimal. It is generating a full 4-bit terminator even when a shorter one suffices. Please contact the software's authors to fix the problem. You can link them to this thread.
So I cropped your image into two QR Code images, and submitted them to ZXing Decoder Online and KaarPoSoft QR Decode with debug output.
ZXing, first barcode:
Decode Succeeded
Raw text HTTP://SITE-COM/123456789
Raw bytes 20 83 1a a6 5f 9f d5 b4 75 3e 8d 20 48 81 23 db 91 8a 80
Barcode format QR_CODE
Parsed Result Type URI
Parsed Result HTTP://SITE-COM/123456789
ZXing, second barcode:
Decode Succeeded
Raw text HTTP://TXT-CH/AYAWEQYAF4A
Raw bytes 20 cb 1a a6 5f 9f d6 5e ae 82 ca 0f 21 e2 52 18 11 53 94 00 ec 11 ec 11 ec 11 ec 11 ec 11 ec 11 ec 11
Barcode format QR_CODE
Parsed Result Type URI
Parsed Result HTTP://TXT-CH/AYAWEQYAF4A
KaarPoSoft, first barcode:
Debug output
skew_limit=7.21875
skew=0
left=31 right=427 top=27 bottom=423
size=397
matchVersion version=1 finder0=64 finder1=64 finder2=64
matchVersion version=1 timing0=1 timing1=1 alignment=1
matchVersion version=1 format_NW =14 0 format_NESW =14 1 format = 14 ecl = 1 mask = 6
matchVersion version=1 grades(F(V)TAF): 4444->4
findModuleSize matchVersion version=1 grade=4
findModuleSize version=1 grade=4 error_correction_level=1 mask=6
getCodewords mask=6 length=26
getCodewords = 32,131,26,166,95,159,213,180,117,62,141,32,72,129,35,219,145,138,128,62,191,105,157,147,176,164
setBlocks n_blocks_first=1 n_blocks_second=0 n_blocks=1 n_block_words_first=19 n_block_words_second=0 n_block_ec_words=7 total=26
setBlocks block 0 (26): 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25
RS calculateSyndroms: No errors
correctErrors in = 32,131,26,166,95,159,213,180,117,62,141,32,72,129,35,219,145,138,128,62,191,105,157,147,176,164
correctErrors out = 32,131,26,166,95,159,213,180,117,62,141,32,72,129,35,219,145,138,128
error_grade=4
extractData bytes in (19) = 32,131,26,166,95,159,213,180,117,62,141,32,72,129,35,219,145,138,128
extractData mode = 2
extractAlphanum charcount = 16
extractData mode = 1
extractNumeric charcount = 9
extractData mode = 0
extractData data(25) = 72,84,84,80,58,47,47,83,73,84,69,45,67,79,77,47,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57
KaarPoSoft, second barcode:
Debug output
skew_limit=7.015625
skew=1
left=21 right=417 top=30 bottom=425
size=396.5
findModuleSize matchVersion version=1 grade=0
matchVersion version=2 finder0=64 finder1=64 finder2=64
matchVersion version=2 timing0=1 timing1=1 alignment=1
matchVersion version=2 format_NW =14 0 format_NESW =14 1 format = 14 ecl = 1 mask = 6
matchVersion version=2 grades(F(V)TAF): 4444->4
findModuleSize matchVersion version=2 grade=4
findModuleSize version=2 grade=4 error_correction_level=1 mask=6
getCodewords mask=6 length=44
getCodewords = 32,203,26,166,95,159,214,94,174,130,202,15,33,226,82,24,17,83,148,0,236,17,236,17,236,17,236,17,236,17,236,17,236,17,87,194,99,197,7,184,131,204,163,52
setBlocks n_blocks_first=1 n_blocks_second=0 n_blocks=1 n_block_words_first=34 n_block_words_second=0 n_block_ec_words=10 total=44
setBlocks block 0 (44): 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43
RS calculateSyndroms: No errors
correctErrors in = 32,203,26,166,95,159,214,94,174,130,202,15,33,226,82,24,17,83,148,0,236,17,236,17,236,17,236,17,236,17,236,17,236,17,87,194,99,197,7,184,131,204,163,52
correctErrors out = 32,203,26,166,95,159,214,94,174,130,202,15,33,226,82,24,17,83,148,0,236,17,236,17,236,17,236,17,236,17,236,17,236,17
error_grade=4
extractData bytes in (34) = 32,203,26,166,95,159,214,94,174,130,202,15,33,226,82,24,17,83,148,0,236,17,236,17,236,17,236,17,236,17,236,17,236,17
extractData mode = 2
extractAlphanum charcount = 25
extractData mode = 0
extractData data(25) = 72,84,84,80,58,47,47,84,88,84,45,67,72,47,65,89,65,87,69,81,89,65,70,52,65
Both QR Codes appear to have no problems regarding error correction or format violations.
From the KaarPoSoft output, we can see the segments in the QR Codes.
The first barcode has two segments:
Alphanumeric mode, count = 16, text = "HTTP://SITE-COM/". Segment bit length = 4 (mode) + 9 (count) + 88 (data) = 101 bits.
Numeric mode, count = 9, text = "123456789". Segment bit length = 4 (mode) + 10 (count) + 30 (data) = 44 bits.
The second barcode has one segment:
Alphanumeric mode, count = 25, text = "HTTP://TXT-CH/AYAWEQYAF4A". Segment bit length = 4 (mode) + 9 (count) + 138 (data) = 151 bits.
Now, a QR Code at version 1 with low error correction level has capacity for 19 data codeword bytes, or 152 bits. The first barcode uses 101 + 44 = 145 bits = 19 bytes (rounded up), so it fits. The second barcode uses 151 bits = 19 bytes (rounded up), so it fits. So in theory, both lists of segments of text data should fit in version 1 low ECC.
According to the QR spec, after the list of segments ends, these bits are appended:
(TERM) Up to four "0" bits (but less if the data capacity is reached) for the terminator pseudo-mode.
(BITPAD) Zero to seven "0" bits to fill up the last partial byte.
(BYTEPAD) Alternating bytes of 0xEC and 0x11 until the data capacity is reached.
Let's dissect what actually happened. Convert the ZXing hexadecimal byte output to binary, and annotate the fields.
First barcode:
20 83 1a a6 5f 9f d5 b4 75 3e 8d 20 48 81 23 db 91 8a 80
0010 000010000 [88 bits] 0001 0000001001 [30 bits] 0000 000 (Total length = 152 bits)
^Mode ^Count ^Data ^Mode ^Count ^Data ^TERM ^BITPAD
Second barcode:
20 cb 1a a6 5f 9f d6 5e ae 82 ca 0f 21 e2 52 18 11 53 94 00 ec 11 ec 11 ec 11 ec 11 ec 11 ec 11 ec 11
0010 000011001 [138 bits] | 0000 00000 11101100 00010001 [...] (Total length = 272 bits)
^Mode ^Count ^Data | ^TERM ^BITPAD ^BYTEPAD
Note that in the second barcode, at the position | just before the TERMinator, there are 151 bits on the left side. The terminator is normally four "0" bits, but is allowed to be shortened if the capacity (of 152 bits) is reached. So the optimal terminator is a single bit of "0", and then there must be no bit padding and no byte padding.