I have the following code and I need to covert several UInt32 variables to UInt8 vectors so then combine them into a single UInt8 vector.
The goal is to take the record I have decoded from a Pcap file and put it into a format that I can append to the end of an existing Pcap file.
The code below takes output from a previous function and returns a hex output of 4 UInt 32's and a vector of UInt8's for the payload.
function pcap_get_record(s::PcapOffline)
rec = PcapRec()
if (!eof(s.file))
rec.ts_sec = s.is_big ? read(s.file, UInt32) : ntoh(read(s.file, UInt32))
rec.ts_usec = s.is_big ? read(s.file, UInt32) : ntoh(read(s.file, UInt32))
rec.incl_len = s.is_big ? read(s.file, UInt32) : ntoh(read(s.file, UInt32))
rec.orig_len = s.is_big ? read(s.file, UInt32) : ntoh(read(s.file, UInt32))
rec.payload = read(s.file, rec.incl_len)
return rec
end
nothing
end
Thanks
Here you are
julia> reinterpret(UInt8, rand(UInt32, 1)) |> Vector
4-element Array{UInt8,1}:
0x4d
0x54
0x34
0xd3
remember to check the byte order.
Update: So I have solved this and I was overthinking what needed to be done.
I just wrote the UInt variable in their raw form and that did the trick.
write(pcap, rec.orig_len) #this is a UInt32
write(pcap, rec.payload) #this is a UInt8 vector
Original:
I was having a hard time making my previous comment readable.
Thanks for the response. I am not however able to get the reinterpret to work with my UInt32 variable.
a = reinterpret(UInt8, rec.ts_usec) |> Vector
ERROR: bitcast: argument size does not match size of target type
Stacktrace:
[1] reinterpret(::Type{UInt8}, ::UInt32) at .\essentials.jl:370
[2] top-level scope at none:0
typeof(rec.ts_usec)
UInt32
after messing around some more I was able to get this to work but this doesn't seem very efficient.
"Edit" I just found that this wont work since it cuts off any leading zeros in the UInt32. example rec.incl_len = 0x00000516 would come out as "516" instead of "00000516" which is needed.
julia> hex(n) = string(n, base = 16, pad = 2)
julia> a = hex2bytes(hex(rec.ts_sec))
4-element Array{UInt8,1}:
0x5b
0x60
0xa3
0xa1
Related
Processing ASCII characters beyond the range 1-127 can easily crash Julia.
mystring = "A-Za-zÀ-ÿŽž"
for i in 1:length(mystring)
print(i,":::")
print(Int(mystring[i]),"::" )
println( mystring[i] )
end
gives me
1:::65::A
2:::45::-
3:::90::Z
4:::97::a
5:::45::-
6:::122::z
7:::192::À
8:::ERROR: LoadError: StringIndexError("A-Za-zÀ-ÿŽž", 8)
Stacktrace:
[1] string_index_err(::String, ::Int64) at .\strings\string.jl:12
[2] getindex_continued(::String, ::Int64, ::UInt32) at .\strings\string.jl:220
[3] getindex(::String, ::Int64) at .\strings\string.jl:213
[4] top-level scope at R:\_LV\STZ\Web_admin\Languages\Action\Returning\chars.jl:5
[5] include(::String) at .\client.jl:457
[6] top-level scope at REPL[18]:1
It crashes after outputting the first character outside the normal range, rather than during that output, which is mentioned in the answer to String Index Error (Julia)
If declaring the values in Julia one should declare them as Unicode, but I have these characters in my input.
The manual says that Julia looks at the locale, but is there an "everywhere" locale?
Is there some way to handle input and output of these characters in Julia?
I am working on Windows10, but I can switch to Linux if that works better for this.
Use eachindex to get a list of valid indices in your string:
julia> mystring = "A-Za-zÀ-ÿŽž"
"A-Za-zÀ-ÿŽž"
julia> for i in eachindex(mystring)
print(i, ":::")
print(Int(mystring[i]), "::")
println(mystring[i])
end
1:::65::A
2:::45::-
3:::90::Z
4:::97::a
5:::45::-
6:::122::z
7:::192::À
9:::45::-
10:::255::ÿ
12:::381::Ž
14:::382::ž
Your issue is related to the fact that Julia uses byte-indexing of strings, as is explained in the Julia Manual.
For example character À takes two bytes, therefore, since its location is 7 the next index is 9 not 8.
In UTF-8 encoding which is used by default by Julia only ASCII characters take one byte, all other characters take 2, 3 or 4 bytes, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8#Encoding.
For example for À you get two bytes:
julia> codeunits("À")
2-element Base.CodeUnits{UInt8, String}:
0xc3
0x80
I have also written a post at https://bkamins.github.io/julialang/2020/08/13/strings.html that tries to explain how byte-indexing vs character-indexing works in Julia.
If you have additional questions please comment.
String indices in Julia refer to code units (= bytes for UTF-8), the fixed-width building blocks that are used to encode arbitrary characters (code points). This means that not every index into a String is necessarily a valid index for a character. If you index into a string at such an invalid byte index, an error is thrown.
You can use enumerate to get the value and the number of iteration.
mystring = "A-Za-zÀ-ÿŽž"
for (i, x) in enumerate(mystring)
print(i,":::")
print(Int(x),"::")
println(x)
end
#1:::65::A
#2:::45::-
#3:::90::Z
#4:::97::a
#5:::45::-
#6:::122::z
#7:::192::À
#8:::45::-
#9:::255::ÿ
#10:::381::Ž
#11:::382::ž
In case you need the value and index of the string in bytes you can use pairs.
for (i, x) in pairs(mystring)
print(i,":::")
print(Int(x),"::")
println(x)
end
#1:::65::A
#2:::45::-
#3:::90::Z
#4:::97::a
#5:::45::-
#6:::122::z
#7:::192::À
#9:::45::-
#10:::255::ÿ
#12:::381::Ž
#14:::382::ž
In preparation for de-minimising my MCVE for what I want to do, which involves advancing the string position not just in a for-all loop, I used the information in the post written by Bogumił Kamiński, to come up with this:
mystring = "A-Za-zÀ-ÿŽž"
for i in 1:length(mystring)
print(i,":::")
mychar = mystring[nextind(mystring, 0, i)]
print(Int(mychar), "::")
println( mychar )
end
I am looking for a function that does the following rending:
f("2") = 2²
f("15") = 2¹⁵
I tried f(s) = "2\^($s)" but this doesn't seem to be a valid exponent as I can't TAB.
You can try e.g.:
julia> function f(s::AbstractString)
codes = Dict(collect("1234567890") .=> collect("¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹⁰"))
return "2" * map(c -> codes[c], s)
end
f (generic function with 1 method)
julia> f("2")
"2²"
julia> f("15")
"2¹⁵"
(I have not optimized it for speed, but I hope this is fast enough with the benefit of being easy to read the code)
this should be a little faster, and uses replace:
function exp2text(x)
two = '2'
exponents = ('⁰', '¹', '²', '³', '⁴', '⁵', '⁶', '⁷', '⁸', '⁹')
#'⁰':'⁹' does not contain the ranges
exp = replace(x,'0':'9' =>i ->exponents[Int(i)-48+1])
#Int(i)-48+1 returns the number of the character if the character is a number
return two * exp
end
in this case, i used the fact that replace can accept a Pair{collection,function} that does:
if char in collection
replace(char,function(char))
end
I'm new to Julia. I'm trying to parse a structured binary file. I read n bytes from the file and I want to cast the byte array to an object of type X.
struct X
messageType::UInt8
second::UInt32
end
f = open("myfile.bin")
bytes = read(f, 5)
And now I want to cast bytes to an object of X. How can I do this?
You can use StructIO here is how.
Setup:
using StructIO
#io struct XX
messageType::UInt8
second::UInt32
end align_packed
bytes = UInt8[0x72, 0xa3, 0x97, 0xcf, 0x64]
buf = IOBuffer(bytes)
And now running the code:
julia> seekstart(buf); unpack(buf, XX)
XX(0x72, 0x64cf97a3)
julia> seekstart(buf); unpack(buf, XX, :BigEndian)
XX(0x72, 0xa397cf64)
I am trying to append to a list in the Clean programming language.
This is my code:
import StdEnv
path0 = "urrd"
//path1 = "urdl"
//path2 = "uurrddll"
//path3 = "ururdrdldlul"
Mirror :: [Char] -> [Char]
Mirror [] = []
Mirror str = [(NegatePath last str) : (Mirror init str)]
NegatePath :: Char -> Char
NegatePath 'u' = 'd'
NegatePath 'd' = 'u'
NegatePath 'l' = 'r'
NegatePath 'r' = 'l'
Start = Mirror path0
This is the error I get:
Type error [Homokozoo.icl,13,Mirror]:"argument 1 of list constructor" cannot unify types:
[Char]
{#Char}
I didn't know about the Clean language before reading this question, so this could be way off, but I think I've identified the problem after spending some time scanning chapter 4 of the language report. The problem appears to be that your Mirror function is built to operate on a list of characters [Char] but you are passing it an unboxed array of characters {#Char}.
It might work if you declared
path0 = ['urrd']
so that the type of path0 is a list of characters rather than an unboxed array of characters. If that's not what you want, you may need to modify the Mirror function to work on {Char}.
The following code complains
ERROR: `setindex!` has no method matching setindex!(::Type{Array{Int32,32}}, ::Int32, ::Int64)
Should I be able to do this? The problem, I think, is that the loop variable has the wrong type to be used as an array index?
n = parseint(readline(STDIN))
A = Array{Int32, n}
for i in 1:n-1
ai = parseint(Int32, readuntil(STDIN, ' '))
A[i] = ai #The error happens here!
end
A[n] = parseint(Int32, readline(STDIN))
Your assignment of A is legal, but it doesn't do what you think it does.
A = Array{Int32,n}
julia> typeof(A)
DataType
This declares an A to be the type representing an array of n dimensions. What you want instead, probably is A to be a variable of type Array{Int32,1} that contains n elements. So instead try the following:
A = Array(Int32,n);
julia> typeof(A)
Array{Int32,1}