I am trying to generate an annotated file with Frama-C E-ACSL plugin. I created the following files:
Insert.c: contains all the structures to create a linked list.
AxiomTest.c: includes the main function where the asserts it must fulfil are indicated. All functions and structures are determined in terms of Insert.c file
When compiling/instrumenting a program the manual specifies the following terminal command:
$ e-acsl-gcc.sh -c <files> -O <output>
For a successful compilation Insert.c and AxiomTest.c must be linked but I cannot find any flag for that.
Any help? Or is there any other way to do it right?
e-acsl-gcc.sh does compile and link files with option -c, despite looking like it only compiles (the -c here is unrelated to GCC's -c option, which does only compilation, without linking).
If you want to give extra flags to the linker, man e-acsl-gcc.sh (or e-acsl-gcc.sh -h) will indicate option -l:
-l pass additional options to the linker
Related
I have a building process that creates a header file. In the second stage, several source files are generated from that header file. Then these source files are built into a binary. If anyone is interested these sources are generated with gSOAP utilities (wsdl2h, soapcpp2).
I have made Makefile.am, etc to build these sources, but there are problems when I want to use parallel execution.
Makefile.am would look something like this in a very simplified form
## generate header file
service.h : service.wsdl
wsdl2h -o $# service.wsdl
## list of generated source files
generated_files = source1.cpp source2.cpp source3.cpp
## generate source files
$(generated_files) : service.h
soapcpp2 $^
## build binary
binary: $(generated_files)
gcc -o $# $^
The rules say that service.h will be generated if service.wsdl changes. If service.h changes, soapcpp2 will generate source?.cpp files with one command execution.
Everything works fine until I try to build in parallel (for instance make -j4). The problematic line is the last one which generates many soruce files. If running in parrallel all these files are generated many times, while other make processes already try to compile them.
I followed instructions to disable parallel https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Parallel-Disable.html, but with no success. If I try
.NOTPARALLEL: $(generated_files)
or
.NOTPARALLEL: service.h
The parallel execution just does not work any more. I also tried with .WAIT, and got no rule to make target .WAIT.
First, the .WAIT special target was introduced in GNU make 4.4. Since you are getting a no rule to make target error for it, it's clear you're using an older version which doesn't support it. It's usually a good idea to include the version of whatever tool you're using when asking for help.
The best thing to do is not disable parallelism but instead tell make that a single invocation of the recipe will generate all the files. If you have GNU make 4.3, then you can use a "grouped target" rule, like this:
## generate source files
$(generated_files) &: service.h
soapcpp2 $^
the &: here tells make that instead of building each target with a different invocation of the recipe, which is the default, a single invocation of the recipe builds all the targets.
If you don't have GNU make 4.3 then you'll need to play a trick to get the same behavior, something like this:
## generate source files
.sentinel : service.h
soapcpp2 $^
#touch $#
$(generated_files) : .sentinel ;
## build binary
binary: $(generated_files)
gcc -o $# $^
This has all the generated files depend on a single file .sentinel (you can name it whatever you want), which is the one make knows is generated by the recipe that also creates all the other source files. This isn't perfect but it will work for simple situations.
To learn the processes behind compilation of Ada programs (without resorting to using gpr), I've decided to compile one of my projects manually. To compile a program, I run the following command on each .adb file therein (not manually, however):
$ gcc -c src/<file>.adb -o obj/<file>.o
That compiles all the files and puts them in the obj directory.
Or rather, it would. There is a slight problem with this. I have an archive (static library) that I've generated from another project, called libapples.a, containing package Apples. The Apples package is used by the files you see me compiling above.
Since libapples.a doesn't have source files anymore (given its archive format), it's not viable (not even possible) to provide the sources of that library to the command above using -I switches; on the other hand, if I don't have the sources included, the command above comes back to me saying:
<file>.adb:<y>:<x>: file "apples.ads" not found
gnatmake: "src/<file>.adb" compilation error
I've attempted to include the library in the compilation process by using flags -L and l (which I believe is how you'd do it in C; feel free to correct me if I'm wrong). In another attempt I placed the archive right in the source directory.
How does one go about including a library in the compilation process?
apples.ads is somewhat like a header in C and you definitely need it for your file to compile. You should use -I to point gcc to the directory where apples.ads is located in.
Be aware that compiling an Ada source not only yields an object file, but also an Ada Library Information (.ali) file. You'll need that for the next step. You should not use the -o flag because it may lead to your .o and .ali files having different names.
On the other hand, since you only want to produce an object file, you should use -c to tell gcc to only compile. In other languages like C, gcc compiles and links by default; in Ada, the process is more complex.
After compilation, you need to call gnatbind on the .ali file of your main program. This generates a package that will take care of proper initialization of everything. To do that, gnatbind needs the .ali file of the Apples package! You can specify the .ali search directory with -aO.
Finally, gnatlink called on the main .ali file will link everything together. It figures out itself which object files and libraries it needs. It will append the necessary options to the linker, including the reference to libapples.a. It also compiles the package generated by gnatlink.
I don't know exactly what gnatlink will do under the hood; you could probably compile the package generated by gnatbind manually and then call the linker if you can figure out the proper arguments.
I wrote a small project in OCaml.
I have two folders:
./myUnionFind. inside there is a file myUnionFind.ml.
./percolation. inside there are two files: myPercolation.ml and percolation_stats.ml.
myUnionFind.ml works as a module.
myPercolation.ml works as a module too, but it uses MyUnionFind module defined in myUnionFind.ml.
percolation_stats.ml uses myPercolation.ml.
together with above all, I also use Batteries.
I want to compile them all to work and get a executable file run.
But how?
I have tried the following:
inside folder ./percolation, I did ocamlfind ocamlc -package batteries -linkpkg ../myUnionFind/myUnionFind.ml myPercolation.ml percolation_stats.ml -o run
It failed, and said File "myPercolation.ml", line 1, characters 0-16:
Error: Unbound module MyUnionFind, but I did include that folder ../myUnionFind, right?
Also, if I just want to compile ./myUnionFind/myUnionFind.ml once, how can I do so that not every time, myUnionFind.ml gets compiled again and again?
Inside myUnionFind, you should compile myUnionfind.ml to a compiled unit:
cd myUnionFind
ocamlc -c myUnionFind.ml
This will generate myUnionFind.cmo, which stores the compiled implementation, and myUnionFind.cmi, which stores the compiled interface. Other modules using MyUnionFind will need to access the cmi at type-checking type.
Inside percolation, you can compile myPercolation.ml to a module by doing
cd percolation
ocamlc -I ../myUnionFind -c myPercolation.ml
Again, you get both a .cmo and a .cmi. Note that the compiler has looked up myUnionFind.cmi automatically in the search path, and found it because of the -I option.
You can then compile percolation_stats (relying on both previous compilation units)
ocamlc -I ../myUnionFind -c percolation_stats.ml
You finally link the three resulting .cmo together to build an executable:
ocamlc ../myUnionFind.cmo myPercolation.cmo percolation_stats.cmo -o run
(If you use batteries, wrap each command with ocamlfind ocamlc -package batteries, but only the linking command with linkpkg).
To make this process simpler:
ocamlbuild is good at finding and compiling all the files of your current project to produce an executable. In the percolation directory, ocamlbuild percolation_stats.byte can produce an executable with all the stuff present
but if you want to use myUnionFind as an external library, the best thing to do would be to install it with findlib, to make it easy to find and specify from percolation; for information on how to create a findlib package (it's very simple), please see this older answer
once myUnionFind is a findlib package, the single command ocamlbuild -use-ocamlfind -pkgs batteries,my-union-find percolation_stats.byte (or .native) should be enough to get an executable
I wish to use module Std inside my OCaml .ml file.
I tried #load "Std", but the compiler complains.
How can I load a module inside OCaml?
You must compile the module you wish to include first, provide the location of the compiled files to compilation commands of modules depending on it, then provide it in the final compilation command line.
Let's consider for instance file foo/moduleA.ml:
let v = 1
and file bar/moduleB.ml:
open ModuleA
let w = v
The commands:
$ cd foo
$ ocamlc -c moduleA.ml
$ cd ..
will produce moduleA.cmo and moduleA.cmi. The former is the bytecode object of the module (like a .o file in for native object files, but containing bytecode data and text), the later is a bytecode compiled header, produced from an automatically generated .mli file. This bytecode header is necessary for the compiler to compile files which depend on ModuleA.
$ cd bar
$ ocamlc -I ../foo -c moduleB.ml
$ cd ..
will succeed in producing moduleB.cmo, which depends on ModuleA, because the previous command has been successful, and because we indicate the compiler where to look for dependancies with the -I command line parameter, followed by the path of the first module.
The last command below will produce a bytecode executable from both modules:
$ ocamlc -I foo -I bar moduleA.cmo moduleB.cmo -o prog.byte
The modules must be provided in that order, to let the compiler know the dependancies first. The -I parameters this time indicate where to find the .cmo files.
In your case, you must therefore use the -I <location of std.cmi> for the compilation proper phase, and -I <location of std.cmo> (or std.cma, if it is a library) for the second phase (the link phase). If you can combine both phases in one command (ie. ocamlc -I foo foo/moduleA.ml bar/moduleB.ml -o prog.byte), and if both cmo and cmi files are in the same directory, only one parameter will suffice.
So I am trying to set up a way to easily develop OpenCL programs which turned out to be the hardest part of learning this language so far. I include CL/cl.h in my source files but I keep getting compiler errors that the headers don't exist. When I change the include to only be cl.h it works but every program I have seen so far uses CL/cl.h so I am assuming it is some sort of macro to allow either file. Any ideas how I can get around this or possible fixes?
This is my makefile
PROJ=ocl_intro
CC=mingw32-g++
CFLAGS=-std=c99 -Wall
LIB=-lOpenCL
ifdef INTELOCLSDKROOT
INC_DIRS="$(INTELOCLSDKROOT)include\CL"
LIB_DIRS="$(INTELOCLSDKROOT)lib\x86
endif
$(PROJ): $(PROJ).cpp
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $# $^ -I$(INC_DIRS) -L$(LIB_DIRS) $(LIB)
.PHONY: clean
clean:
rm $(PROJ).exe
Change:
INC_DIRS="$(INTELOCLSDKROOT)include\CL"
To:
INC_DIRS="$(INTELOCLSDKROOT)include"
You are looking for "CL/cl.h", obviously it's not going to find a folder called "CL" inside "include\CL", since you're already giving the "CL" folder as a search path. As is now, you're essentially asking the compiler to find "\include\CL\CL\cl.h", clearly the compiler will fail since this file does not exist.
You are meant to simply provide the path to the "include" folder - conventions will do the rest.