Working with Arduino ESP32.
I managed to implement Environment temp + humidity using the specified BLE spec service and characteristic UUID's. I got lucky as I could see that the values were presenting wrong and could figure out what inputs were needed for correct outputs.
Now working with weight I am getting no value displaying for my weight measurement characteristic. I have the weight scale service (0x181D), Scale Feature (0x2A9E) and Weight Measurement (0x2A9D). I can send 0000 or 1111 to 2A9E to get a a formatted display of what the scale features are. Cool! I saw elsewhere on stack that having this characteristic set was required for the weight measurement to show.
I'm using 0000 as I don't need the timestamp or multi user. I've also read both datasheets (WSS_V1.0.0 & WSP_V1.0.0) for the characteristics I'm using and am still stuck. (WSS_V1.0.0 & WSP_V1.0.0)
WSS states the first byte sets the flags and the following bytes are for the weight. I've tried using
0000101010101010 == {0x0A, 0xAA} == 0000(flags) 1010(weight) ...
Which fits the format of 4 flag bytes followed by weight, followed by optionals.
still no luck. Online resources are limited, I've tried reading the docs and no examples are given.
Any help would be much appreciated and would assist in other looking for a similar answer
There's an example that has working code for those who stumble into this thread later down the line.
https://github.com/bneedhamia/CurieBLEBowlScale/blob/master/CurieBLEBowlScale.ino
A weight measurement has it's first byte dedicated to flags
/*
* Set the flags:
* bit 0 = 0 means we're reporting in SI units (kg and meters)
* bit 1 = 0 means there is no time stamp in our report
* bit 2 = 0 means User ID is NOT in our report
* bit 3 = 0 means no BMI and Height are in our report
* bits 4..7 are reserved, and set to zero.
*/
flags |= 0x0 << 0;
flags |= 0x0 << 1;
flags |= 0x0 << 2;
flags |= 0x0 << 3;
and the following two bytes contain the weight in big Endian.
bytes[0] = flags;
// BLE GATT multi-byte values are encoded Least-Significant Byte first.
bytes[1] = (unsigned char) newVal;
bytes[2] = (unsigned char) (newVal >> 8);
chrScaleValue->setValue(bytes, sizeof(bytes));
I am reading data from a TCP port in TCL using a socket. The messages do not end with any newline, but they do container a header containing the number of bytes of data.
I have the following code to read two byte of data from the socket (16bit little endian) and convert that into an integer I can then use in a loop to read the rest of the data:
binary scan [read $Socket 2] s* length
In this case $Socket is my socket and it has been configured to use binary encoding.
This works well except where either the upper or lower byte is 0x0D. It appears TCL reads 0x0D and 0x0A both as '\n', which then defaults to 0x0A, so the code does work correctly. For example 13 is read as 10. How do I stop this from happening?
The socket should be placed into binary mode if you're moving binary data across it.
chan configure $Socket -translation binary
# Use [fconfigure] instead of [chan configure] in older Tcl versions
This disables all the automatic processing that Tcl usually does — your description says you're having a problem with end-of-line conversion — and makes it so that read will just deliver a string of the bytes (formally a string of characters between U+000000 and U+0000FF, and internally using an efficient in-memory encoding scheme).
For files, you can include b in the control mode when opening to get this done for you. For sockets, you need to do this yourself.
In addition to configuring binary encoding, you also need to set the translation to 'lf'. As this is a frequently occurring situation, there is a shorthand for making these two settings:
fconfigure $Socket -translation binary
I have an older version of mergecom library( V4.4.0 ). And now I received the latest version(V5.4.0 ). When I tried to integrate the latest MergeCom library I am getting following error on C-ECHO( logged in merge.log ).
DICOM;(20936) 06-21 17:59:01.28 MC3 E: Total attribute length (4) not a multiple of size
DICOM;(20936) 06-21 17:59:01.28 MC3 E: for VR (UN): 8, tag '0x0'
DICOM;(20936) 06-21 17:59:01.28 MC3(ReadMessageToTag) E: Message received encoded improperly Invalid VR length in stream data .
Please find the attached wireshark logs snapshots
Wireshark
1. ASSOCIATION-RQ
2.ASSOCIATION-RSP
3.ECHO-RQ
4.ECHO-RSP
5.ABORT
The error log from MergeCOM-3 is implying a parsing error when reading the C-ECHO-RSP. The log message is implying MergeCOM-3 did not identify the group 0 element's value representation, and instead interpreted it as UN.
From the appearance of the C-ECHO-RSP in the WireShark capture, it appears to be encoded properly and WireShark was able to decode the C-ECHO-RSP.
Were there any other errors in the logs? Is your data dictionary being loaded properly, such that the library would know the VR of the group 0 length tag (0000,0000)?
This is with respect to a Wireshark Packet Capture Filter.
IP packets whose IP version is not 4
Solution :
Filter:
ip[0] & 0xF0 != 0x40
ip[0] & 1111 0000 != 64
Could anyone please provide clarity on how the above solution could be inferred?
Thanks in advance,
Adam
According to the IPv4 packet structure:
You have the version in the first octet, in the upper nibble. Version for IPv4 packets is "4" as you can see in the picture, but remember it has to be in the upper nibble, hence the 0x40 in the filter (64 in decimal base).
So what your filter do is grab the first byte of the IP header and AND it with 0xF0 to be sure it's keeping the version part (upper nibble) and then check if it is different from 0x40 (IPv4 packet).
What you could also have done is:
ip[0] & 0xf0 == 0x60
Which is the same as saying, keep only IPv6 packets. Version in a IPv6 packet is equal to 6. The position of the version information is the same as for a IPv4 header:
I read that a 64-bit machine actually uses only 48 bits of address (specifically, I'm using Intel core i7).
I would expect that the extra 16 bits (bits 48-63) are irrelevant for the address, and would be ignored. But when I try to access such an address I got a signal EXC_BAD_ACCESS.
My code is:
int *p1 = &val;
int *p2 = (int *)((long)p1 | 1ll<<48);//set bit 48, which should be irrelevant
int v = *p2; //Here I receive a signal EXC_BAD_ACCESS.
Why this is so? Is there a way to use these 16 bits?
This could be used to build more cache-friendly linked list. Instead of using 8 bytes for next ptr, and 8 bytes for key (due to alignment restriction), the key could be embedded into the pointer.
The high order bits are reserved in case the address bus would be increased in the future, so you can't use it simply like that
The AMD64 architecture defines a 64-bit virtual address format, of which the low-order 48 bits are used in current implementations (...) The architecture definition allows this limit to be raised in future implementations to the full 64 bits, extending the virtual address space to 16 EB (264 bytes). This is compared to just 4 GB (232 bytes) for the x86.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64#Architectural_features
More importantly, according to the same article [Emphasis mine]:
... in the first implementations of the architecture, only the least significant 48 bits of a virtual address would actually be used in address translation (page table lookup). Further, bits 48 through 63 of any virtual address must be copies of bit 47 (in a manner akin to sign extension), or the processor will raise an exception. Addresses complying with this rule are referred to as "canonical form."
As the CPU will check the high bits even if they're unused, they're not really "irrelevant". You need to make sure that the address is canonical before using the pointer. Some other 64-bit architectures like ARM64 have the option to ignore the high bits, therefore you can store data in pointers much more easily.
That said, in x86_64 you're still free to use the high 16 bits if needed (if the virtual address is not wider than 48 bits, see below), but you have to check and fix the pointer value by sign-extending it before dereferencing.
Note that casting the pointer value to long is not the correct way to do because long is not guaranteed to be wide enough to store pointers. You need to use uintptr_t or intptr_t.
int *p1 = &val; // original pointer
uint8_t data = ...;
const uintptr_t MASK = ~(1ULL << 48);
// === Store data into the pointer ===
// Note: To be on the safe side and future-proof (because future implementations
// can increase the number of significant bits in the pointer), we should
// store values from the most significant bits down to the lower ones
int *p2 = (int *)(((uintptr_t)p1 & MASK) | (data << 56));
// === Get the data stored in the pointer ===
data = (uintptr_t)p2 >> 56;
// === Deference the pointer ===
// Sign extend first to make the pointer canonical
// Note: Technically this is implementation defined. You may want a more
// standard-compliant way to sign-extend the value
intptr_t p3 = ((intptr_t)p2 << 16) >> 16;
val = *(int*)p3;
WebKit's JavaScriptCore and Mozilla's SpiderMonkey engine as well as LuaJIT use this in the nan-boxing technique. If the value is NaN, the low 48-bits will store the pointer to the object with the high 16 bits serve as tag bits, otherwise it's a double value.
Previously Linux also uses the 63rd bit of the GS base address to indicate whether the value was written by the kernel
In reality you can usually use the 48th bit, too. Because most modern 64-bit OSes split kernel and user space in half, so bit 47 is always zero and you have 17 top bits free for use
You can also use the lower bits to store data. It's called a tagged pointer. If int is 4-byte aligned then the 2 low bits are always 0 and you can use them like in 32-bit architectures. For 64-bit values you can use the 3 low bits because they're already 8-byte aligned. Again you also need to clear those bits before dereferencing.
int *p1 = &val; // the pointer we want to store the value into
int tag = 1;
const uintptr_t MASK = ~0x03ULL;
// === Store the tag ===
int *p2 = (int *)(((uintptr_t)p1 & MASK) | tag);
// === Get the tag ===
tag = (uintptr_t)p2 & 0x03;
// === Get the referenced data ===
// Clear the 2 tag bits before using the pointer
intptr_t p3 = (uintptr_t)p2 & MASK;
val = *(int*)p3;
One famous user of this is the V8 engine with SMI (small integer) optimization. The lowest bit in the address will serve as a tag for type:
if it's 1, the value is a pointer to the real data (objects, floats or bigger integers). The next higher bit (w) indicates that the pointer is weak or strong. Just clear the tag bits and dereference it
if it's 0, it's a small integer. In 32-bit V8 or 64-bit V8 with pointer compression it's a 31-bit int, do a signed right shift by 1 to restore the value; in 64-bit V8 without pointer compression it's a 32-bit int in the upper half
32-bit V8
|----- 32 bits -----|
Pointer: |_____address_____w1|
Smi: |___int31_value____0|
64-bit V8
|----- 32 bits -----|----- 32 bits -----|
Pointer: |________________address______________w1|
Smi: |____int32_value____|0000000000000000000|
https://v8.dev/blog/pointer-compression
So as commented below, Intel has published PML5 which provides a 57-bit virtual address space, if you're on such a system you can only use 7 high bits
You can still use some work around to get more free bits though. First you can try to use a 32-bit pointer in 64-bit OSes. In Linux if x32abi is allowed then pointers are only 32-bit long. In Windows just clear the /LARGEADDRESSAWARE flag and pointers now have only 32 significant bits and you can use the upper 32 bits for your purpose. See How to detect X32 on Windows?. Another way is to use some pointer compression tricks: How does the compressed pointer implementation in V8 differ from JVM's compressed Oops?
You can further get more bits by requesting the OS to allocate memory only in the low region. For example if you can ensure that your application never uses more than 64MB of memory then you need only a 26-bit address. And if all the allocations are 32-byte aligned then you have 5 more bits to use, which means you can store 64 - 21 = 43 bits of information in the pointer!
I guess ZGC is one example of this. It uses only 42 bits for addressing which allows for 242 bytes = 4 × 240 bytes = 4 TB
ZGC therefore just reserves 16TB of address space (but not actually uses all of this memory) starting at address 4TB.
A first look into ZGC
It uses the bits in the pointer like this:
6 4 4 4 4 4 0
3 7 6 5 2 1 0
+-------------------+-+----+-----------------------------------------------+
|00000000 00000000 0|0|1111|11 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111|
+-------------------+-+----+-----------------------------------------------+
| | | |
| | | * 41-0 Object Offset (42-bits, 4TB address space)
| | |
| | * 45-42 Metadata Bits (4-bits) 0001 = Marked0
| | 0010 = Marked1
| | 0100 = Remapped
| | 1000 = Finalizable
| |
| * 46-46 Unused (1-bit, always zero)
|
* 63-47 Fixed (17-bits, always zero)
For more information on how to do that see
Allocating Memory Within A 2GB Range
How can I ensure that the virtual memory address allocated by VirtualAlloc is between 2-4GB
Allocate at low memory address
How to malloc in address range > 4 GiB
Custom heap/memory allocation ranges
Side note: Using linked list for cases with tiny key values compared to the pointers is a huge memory waste, and it's also slower due to bad cache locality. In fact you shouldn't use linked list in most real life problems
Bjarne Stroustrup says we must avoid linked lists
Why you should never, ever, EVER use linked-list in your code again
Number crunching: Why you should never, ever, EVER use linked-list in your code again
Bjarne Stroustrup: Why you should avoid Linked Lists
Are lists evil?—Bjarne Stroustrup
A standards-compliant way to canonicalize AMD/Intel x64 pointers (based on the current documentation of canonical pointers and 48-bit addressing) is
int *p2 = (int *)(((uintptr_t)p1 & ((1ull << 48) - 1)) |
~(((uintptr_t)p1 & (1ull << 47)) - 1));
This first clears the upper 16 bits of the pointer. Then, if bit 47 is 1, this sets bits 47 through 63, but if bit 47 is 0, this does a logical OR with the value 0 (no change).
I guess no-one mentioned possible use of bit fields ( https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/bit_field ) in this context, e.g.
template<typename T>
struct My64Ptr
{
signed long long ptr : 48; // as per phuclv's comment, we need the type to be signed to be sign extended
unsigned long long ch : 8; // ...and, what's more, as Peter Cordes pointed out, it's better to mark signedness of bit field explicitly (before C++14)
unsigned long long b1 : 1; // Additionally, as Peter found out, types can differ by sign and it doesn't mean the beginning of another bit field (MSVC is particularly strict about it: other type == new bit field)
unsigned long long b2 : 1;
unsigned long long b3 : 1;
unsigned long long still5bitsLeft : 5;
inline My64Ptr(T* ptr) : ptr((long long) ptr)
{
}
inline operator T*()
{
return (T*) ptr;
}
inline T* operator->()
{
return (T*)ptr;
}
};
My64Ptr<const char> ptr ("abcdefg");
ptr.ch = 'Z';
ptr.b1 = true;
ptr.still5bitsLeft = 23;
std::cout << ptr << ", char=" << char(ptr.ch) << ", byte1=" << ptr.b1 <<
", 5bitsLeft=" << ptr.still5bitsLeft << " ...BTW: sizeof(ptr)=" << sizeof(ptr);
// The output is: abcdefg, char=Z, byte1=1, 5bitsLeft=23 ...BTW: sizeof(ptr)=8
// With all signed long long fields, the output would be: abcdefg, char=Z, byte1=-1, 5bitsLeft=-9 ...BTW: sizeof(ptr)=8
I think it may be quite a convenient way to try to make use of these 16 bits, if we really want to save some memory. All the bitwise (& and |) operations and cast to full 64-bit pointer are done by compiler (though, of course, executed in run time).
According to the Intel Manuals (volume 1, section 3.3.7.1) linear addresses has to be in the canonical form. This means that indeed only 48 bits are used and the extra 16 bits are sign extended. Moreover, the implementation is required to check whether an address is in that form and if it is not generate an exception. That's why there is no way to use those additional 16 bits.
The reason why it is done in such way is quite simple. Currently 48-bit virtual address space is more than enough (and because of the CPU production cost there is no point in making it larger) but undoubtedly in the future the additional bits will be needed. If applications/kernels were to use them for their own purposes compatibility problems will arise and that's what CPU vendors want to avoid.
Physical memory is 48 bit addressed. That's enough to address a lot of RAM. However between your program running on the CPU core and the RAM is the memory management unit, part of the CPU. Your program is addressing virtual memory, and the MMU is responsible for translating between virtual addresses and physical addresses. The virtual addresses are 64 bit.
The value of a virtual address tells you nothing about the corresponding physical address. Indeed, because of how virtual memory systems work there's no guarantee that the corresponding physical address will be the same moment to moment. And if you get creative with mmap() you can make two or more virtual addresses point at the same physical address (wherever that happens to be). If you then write to any of those virtual addresses you're actually writing to just one physical address (wherever that happens to be). This sort of trick is quite useful in signal processing.
Thus when you tamper with the 48th bit of your pointer (which is pointing at a virtual address) the MMU can't find that new address in the table of memory allocated to your program by the OS (or by yourself using malloc()). It raises an interrupt in protest, the OS catches that and terminates your program with the signal you mention.
If you want to know more I suggest you Google "modern computer architecture" and do some reading about the hardware that underpins your program.