Current project:
ASP.NET 4.5.2
MVC 5
EF 6
In all honesty, I have never made use of a mapper before, and while the ExpressMapper tutorial bounces across the high-altitude highlights, it makes several assumptions about knowledge that I don’t have.
So in no general order:
The product is supposed to have all its code centralized in one spot. Where is this spot? Where do I put it? The examples start out with,
public void MappingRegistration() {
Mapper.Register<Product,ProductViewModel>();
}
But I don’t know where to put this. Does it go into its own file or is it in another file, such as within App_Start?
If it is elsewhere in the project, do I create it under its own namespace?
If I have a viewModel that is filled in a different way than its dataModel is filled, how do I handle each type separately? As in, the data is pulled out of the DB and fills the viewModel with completely different conditional rules than how the data is pulled from the viewModel and inserted into or updated back to the database.
How do I bring in external conditionals that affect how the data and which data is inserted into the DB, such as the Role of the user, their UserId and UserName, and various project Settings? Depending on conditionals, some entries may end up with a null value instead of an actual value. How can I do business logic validation using these conditionals (User is actually updating his own record, by comparing their session UserId with the UserId stored in the DB)?
Right now I am doing a lot of manual mapping in the Models but this is problematic especially since the method I am using (to cut down on code in the controller) means that during an update I cannot examine an entry in the DB prior to updating it in the DB.
You can stick it anywhere you want - the only thing necessary is that it gets called in code, before you call Mapper.Map<Product,ProductViewModel>.
E.g.
public static void main()
{
Mapper.Register<Product,ProductViewModel>();
}
is functionally the same as
public static void main()
{
RegisterMapping();
}
public static void RegisterMapping()
{
Mapper.Register<Product,ProductViewModel>();
}
If you want to map one class member to another class member with a different name, you can specify it with Member mapping.
Mapper.Register<Product, ProductViewModel>()
.Member(dest => dest.efgh, src => src.abcd);
If you want to apply special conversion rules, you can specify that with a Function mapping - e.g. you want the price in the ProductViewModel to be 2x the price of the product :
Mapper.Register<Product, ProductViewModel>()
.Function(dest => dest.Price, src => src.Price*2);
Any customisation that you make to the mapping should be done at the time you register the mapping, and has to be done on a Member-by-Member basis AFAIK.
If there's anything else specific that you need help with, leave a comment.
i know this has been asked over and over again, i read the topics, but it's always focused on specific cases and i generally try to understand why its not best practise to use a service inside an entity.
Given a very simple service :
Class Age
{
private $date1;
private $date2;
private $format;
const ym = "%y years and %m month"
const ...
// some DateTime()->diff() methods, checking, formating the entry formats, returning different period formats for eg.
}
and a simple entity :
Class People
{
private $firstname;
private $lastname;
private $birthday;
}
From a controller, i want to do :
$som1 = new People('Paul', 'Smith', '1970-01-01');
$som1->getAge();
Off course i can rewrite the getAge() function inside my entity, its not long, but im very lazy and as i've already written all the possible datetime->diff() i need in the above service, i dont understand why i shouldnt use'em...
NB : my question isnt about how to inject the container in my entity, i can understand why this doesnt make sense, but more what wld be the best practise to avoid to rewrite the same function in different entities.
Inheritance seems to be a bad "good idea" as i could use the getAge() inside a class BlogArticle and i doubt that this BlogArticle Class should be inheriting from the same class as a People class...
Hope i was clear, but not sure...
One major confusion for many coders is to think that doctrine entities "are" the model. That is a mistake.
See edit of this post at the end, incorporating ideas related to CQRS+ES -
Injecting services into your doctrine entities is a symptom of "trying to do more things than storing data" into your entities. When you see that "anti-pattern" most probably you are violating the "Single Responsibility" principle in SOLID programming.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-pattern
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOLID_%28object-oriented_design%29
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_responsibility_principle )
Symfony is not an MVC framework, it is a VC framework only. Lacks the M part. Doctrine entities (I'll call them entities from now on, see clarification at the end) are a "data persistence layer", not a "model layer". Symfony has lots of things for views, web controllers, command controllers... but has no help for domain modelling ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_model ) - even the persistence layer is Doctrine, not Symfony.
Overcoming the problem in SF2
When you "need" services in a data-layer, trigger an antipattern alert. Storage should be only a "put here - get from there" system. Nothing else.
To overcome this problem, you should inject the services into a "logic layer" (Model) and separate it from "pure storage" (data-persistence layer). Following the single responsibility principle, put the logics in one side, put the getters and setters to MySQL in another.
The solution is to create the missing Model layer, not present in Symfony2, and make it to give "the logic" of the domain objects, completely separated and decoupled from the layer of data-persistence which knows "how to store" the model into a MySQL database with doctrine, or to a redis, or simply to a text file.
All those storage systems should be interchangeable and your Model should still expose the very same public methods with absolutely no change to the consumer.
Here's how you do it:
Step 1: Separate the model from the data-persistence
To do so, in your bundle, you can create another directory named Model at the bundle-root level (besides tests, DependencyInjection and so), as in this example of a game.
The name Model is not mandatory, Symfony does not say anything about it. You can choose whatever you want.
If your project is simple (say one bundle), you can create that directory inside the same bundle.
If your project is many bundles wide, you could consider
either putting the model splitted in the different bundles, or
or -as in the example image- use a ModelBundle that contains all the "objects" the project needs (no interfaces, no controllers, no commands, just the logic of the game, and its tests). In the example, you see a ModelBundle, providing logical concepts like Board, Piece or Tile among many others, structures in directories for clarity.
Particularly for your question
In your example, you could have:
Entity/People.php
Model/People.php
Anything related to "store" should go inside Entity/People.php - Ex: suppose you want to store the birthdate both in a date-time field, as well as in three redundant fields: year, month, day, because of any tricky things related to search or indexing, that are not domain-related (ie not related withe lo 'logics' of a person).
Anything related to the "logics" should go inside Model/People.php - Ex: how to calculate if a person is over the majority of age just now, given a certain birthdate and the country he lives (which will determine the minumum age). As you can see, this has nothing to do on the persistence.
Step 2: Use factories
Then, you must remember that the consumers of the model, should never ever create model objects using "new". They should use a factory instead, that will setup the model objects properly (will bind to the proper data-storage layer). The only exception is in unit-testing (we'll see it later). But apart from unitary tests, grab this with fire in your brain, and tattoo it with a laser in your retina: Never do a 'new' in a controller or a command. Use the factories instead ;)
To do so, you create a service that acts as the "getter" of your model. You create the getter as a factory accessible thru a service. See the image:
You can see a BoardManager.php there. It is the factory. It acts as the main getter for anything related to boards. In this case, the BoardManager has methods like the following:
public function createBoardFromScratch( $width, $height )
public function loadBoardFromJson( $document )
public function loadBoardFromTemplate( $boardTemplate )
public function cloneBoard( $referenceBoard )
Then, as you see in the image, in the services.yml you define that manager, and you inject the persistence layer into it. In this case, you inject the ObjectStorageManager into the BoardManager. The ObjectStorageManager is, for this example, able to store and load objects from a database or from a file; while the BoardManager is storage agnostic.
You can see also the ObjectStorageManager in the image, which in turn is injected the #doctrine to be able to access the mysql.
Your managers are the only place where a new is allowed. Never in a controller or command.
Particularly for your question
In your example, you would have a PeopleManager in the model, able to get the people objects as you need.
Also in the Model, you should use the proper singular-plural names, as this is decoupled from your data-persistence layer. Seems you are currently using People to represent a single Person - this can be because you are currently (wrongly) matching the model to the database table name.
So, involved model classes will be:
PeopleManager -> the factory
People -> A collection of persons.
Person -> A single person.
For example (pseudocode! using C++ notation to indicate the return type):
PeopleManager
{
// Examples of getting single objects:
Person getPersonById( $personId ); -> Load it from somewhere (mysql, redis, mongo, file...)
Person ClonePerson( $referencePerson ); -> Maybe you need or not, depending on the nature the your problem that your program solves.
Person CreatePersonFromScratch( $name, $lastName, $birthDate ); -> returns a properly initialized person.
// Examples of getting collections of objects:
People getPeopleByTown( $townId ); -> returns a collection of people that lives in the given town.
}
People implements ArrayObject
{
// You could overload assignment, so you can throw an exception if any non-person object is added, so you can always rely on that People contains only Person objects.
}
Person
{
private $firstname;
private $lastname;
private $birthday;
}
So, continuing with your example, when you do...
// **Never ever** do a new from a controller!!!
$som1 = new People('Paul', 'Smith', '1970-01-01');
$som1->getAge();
...you now can mutate to:
// Use factory services instead:
$peopleManager = $this->get( 'myproject.people.manager' );
$som1 = $peopleManager->createPersonFromScratch( 'Paul', 'Smith', '1970-01-01' );
$som1->getAge();
The PeopleManager will do the newfor you.
At this point, your variable $som1 of type Person, as it was created by the factory, can be pre-populated with the necessary mechanics to store and save to the persistence layer.
The myproject.people.manager will be defined in your services.yml and will have access to the doctrine either directly, either via a 'myproject.persistence.manager` layer or whatever.
Note: This injection of the persistence layer via the manager, has several side effects, that would side track from "how to make the model have access to services". See steps 4 and 5 for that.
Step 3: Inject the services you need via the factory.
Now you can inject any services you need into the people.manager
You, if your model object needs to access that service, you have now 2 choices:
When the factory creates a model object, (ie when PeopleManager creates a Person) to inject it via either the constructor, either a setter.
Proxy the function in the PeopleManager and inject the PeopleManager thru the constructor or a setter.
In this example, we provide the PeopleManager with the service to be consumed by the model. When the people manager is requested a new model object, it injects the service needed to it in the new sentence, so the model object can access the external service directly.
// Example of injecting the low-level service.
class PeopleManager
{
private $externalService = null;
class PeopleManager( ServiceType $externalService )
{
$this->externalService = $externalService;
}
public function CreatePersonFromScratch()
{
$externalService = $this->externalService;
$p = new Person( $externalService );
}
}
class Person
{
private $externalService = null;
class Person( ServiceType $externalService )
{
$this->externalService = $externalService;
}
public function ConsumeTheService()
{
$this->externalService->nativeCall(); // Use the external API.
}
}
// Using it.
$peopleManager = $this->get( 'myproject.people.manager' );
$person = $peopleManager->createPersonFromScratch();
$person->consumeTheService()
In this example, we provide the PeopleManager with the service to be consumed by the model. Nevertheless, when the people manager is requested a new model object, it injects itself to the object created, so the model object can access the external service via the manager, which then hides the API, so if ever the external service changes the API, the manager can do the proper conversions for all the consumers in the model.
// Second example. Using the manager as a proxy.
class PeopleManager
{
private $externalService = null;
class PeopleManager( ServiceType $externalService )
{
$this->externalService = $externalService;
}
public function createPersonFromScratch()
{
$externalService = $this->externalService;
$p = new Person( $externalService);
}
public function wrapperCall()
{
return $this->externalService->nativeCall();
}
}
class Person
{
private $peopleManager = null;
class Person( PeopleManager $peopleManager )
{
$this->peopleManager = $peopleManager ;
}
public function ConsumeTheService()
{
$this->peopleManager->wrapperCall(); // Use the manager to call the external API.
}
}
// Using it.
$peopleManager = $this->get( 'myproject.people.manager' );
$person = $peopleManager->createPersonFromScratch();
$person->ConsumeTheService()
Step 4: Throw events for everything
At this point, you can use any service in any model. Seems all is done.
Nevertheless, when you implement it, you will find problems at decoupling the model with the entity, if you want a truly SOLID pattern. This also applies to decoupling this model from other parts of the model.
The problem clearly arises at places like "when to do a flush()" or "when to decide if something must be saved or left to be saved later" (specially in long-living PHP processes), as well as the problematic changes in case the doctrine changes its API and things like this.
But is also true when you want to test a Person without testing its House, but the House must "monitor" if the Person changes its name to change the name in the mailbox. This is specially try for long-living processes.
The solution to this is to use the observer pattern ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_pattern ) so your model objects throw events nearly for anything and an observer decides to cache data to RAM, to fill data or to store data to the disk.
This strongly enhances the solid/closed principle. You should never change your model if the thing you change is not domain-related. For example adding a new way of storing to a new type of database, should require zero edition on your model classes.
You can see an example of this in the following image. In it, I highlight a bundle named "TurnBasedBundle" that is like the core functionality for every game that is turn-based, despite if it has a board or not. You can see that the bundle only has Model and Tests.
Every game has a ruleset, players, and during the game, the players express the desires of what they want to do.
In the Game object, the instantiators will add the ruleset (poker? chess? tic-tac-toe?). Caution: what if the ruleset I want to load does not exist?
When initializing, someone (maybe the /start controller) will add players. Caution: what if the game is 2-players and I add three?
And during the game the controller that receives the players movements will add desires (for example, if playing chess, "the player wants to move queen to this tile" -which may be a valid, or not-.
In the picture you can see those 3 actions under control thanks to the events.
You can observe that the bundle has only Model and Tests.
In the model, we define our 2 objects: Game, and the GameManager, to get instances of Game objects.
We also define Interfaces, like for example the GameObserver, so anyone willing to receive the Game events should be a GameObserver folk.
Then you can see that for any action that modifies the state of the model (for example adding a player), I have 2 events: PRE and POST. See how it works:
Someone calls the $game->addPlayer( $player ) method.
As soon as we enter the addPlayer() function, the PRE event is raised.
The observers then can catch this event to decide if a player can be added or not.
All PRE events should come with a cancel passed by reference. So if someone decides this is a game for 2 players and you try to add a 3rd one, the $cancel will be set to true.
Then you are again inside the addPlayer function. You can check if someone wanted to cancel the operation.
Do the operation if allowed (ie: mutate the $this-> state).
After the state has been changed, raise a POST event to indicate the observers that the operation has been completed.
In the picture you see three, but of course it has a lot lot more. As a rule of thumb, you will have nearly 2 events per setter, 2 events per method that can modify the state of the model and 1 event for each "unavoidable" action. So if you have 10 methods on a class that operate on it, you can expect to have about 15 or 20 events.
You can easily see this in the typical simple text box of any graphyc library of any operating system: Typical events will be: gotFocus, lostFocus, keyPress, keyDown, keyUp, mouseDown, mouseMove, etc...
Particularly, in your example
The Person will have something like preChangeAge, postChangeAge, preChangeName, postChangeName, preChangeLastName, postChangeLastName, in case you have setters for each of them.
For long-living actions like "person, do walk for 10 seconds" you maybe have 3: preStartWalking, postStartWalking, postStopWalking (in case a stop of 10 seconds cannot be programatically prevented).
If you want to simplify, you can have two single preChanged( $what, & $cancel ) and postChanged( $what ) events for everything.
If you never prevent your changes to happen, you can even just have one single event changed() for all and any change to your model. Then your entity will just "copy" the model properties in the entity properties at every change. This is OK for simple classes and projects or for structures you are not going to publish for third-party consumers, and saves some coding. If the model class becomes a core class to your project, spending a bit of time adding all the events list will save you time in the future.
Step 5: Catch the events from the data layer.
It is at this point that your data-layer bundle enters in action!!!
Make your data layer an observer of your model. When the model Changes its internal state then make your Entity to "copy" that state into the entity state.
In this case, the MVC acts as expected: The Controller, operates on the Model. The consequences of this are still hidden from the controller (as the controller should not have access to Doctrine). The model "broadcasts" the operation made, so anyone interested knows, which in turn triggers that the data-layer knows about the model change.
Particularly, in your project
The Model/Person object will have been created by the PeopleManager. When creating it, the PeopleManager, which is a service, and therefore can have other services injected, can have the ObjectStorageManager subsystem handy. So the PeopleManager can get the Entity/People that you reference in your question and add the Entity/People as an observer to Model/Person.
In the Entity/People mainly you substitute all the setters by event catchers.
You read your code like this: When the Model/Person changes its LastName, the Entity/People will be notified and will copy the data into its internal structure.
Most probably, you are tempted to inject the entity inside the model, so instead of throwing an event, you call the setters of the Entity.
But with that approach, you 'break' the Open-Closed principle. So if at any given point you want to migrate to MongoDb, you need to "change" your "entities" by "documents" in your model. With the observer-pattern, this change occurs outside the model, who never knows the nature of the observer beyond that is its a PersonObserver.
Step 6: Unit test everything
Finally, you want to unit test your software. As this pattern I have explained overcomes the anti-pattern that you discovered, you can (and you should) unit-test the logics of your model independently of how that is stored.
Following this pattern, helps you to go towards the SOLID principles, so each "unit of code" is independent on the others. This will allow you to create unit-tests that will test the "logics" of your Model without writing to the database, as it will inject a fake data-storage layer as a test-double.
Let me use the game example again. I show you in the image the Game test. Assume all games can last several days and the starting datetime is stored in the database. We in the example currently test only if getStartDate() returns a dateTime object.
There are some arrows in it, that represent the flow.
In this example, from the two injecting strategies I told you, I choose the first one: To inject into the Game model object the services it needs (in this case a BoardManager, PieceManager and ObjectStorageManager) and not to inject the GameManager itself.
First, you invoke phpunit that will call look for the Tests directory, recursively in all the directories, finding classes named XxxTest. Then will desire to invoke all the methods named textSomething().
But before calling it, for each test method it calls the setup().
In the setup we will create some test-doubles to avoid "real access" to the database when testing, while correctly testing the logics in our model. In this case a double of my own data layer manager, ObjectStorageManager.
It is assigned to a temporary variable for clarity...
...that is stored in the GameTest instance...
...for later use in the test itself.
The $sut (system under test) variable is then created with a new command, not via a manager. Do you remember that I said that tests were an exception? If you use the manager (you still can) here it is not a unit-test, it's an integration test because tests two classes: the manager and the game. In the new command we fake all the dependencies that the model has (like a board manager, and like a piece manager). I am hardcoding GameId = 1 here. This relates to data-persistance, see below.
We then may call the system under test (a simple Game model object) to test its internals.
I am hardcoding "Game id = 1" in the new. In this case we are only testing that the returned type is a DateTime object. But in case we want to test also that the date that it gets is the proper one, we can "tune" the ObjectStorageManager (data-persistance layer) mock to return whatever we want in the internal call, so we could test that for example when I request the date to the data-layer for game=1 the date is 1st-jun-2014 and for game=2 the date is 2nd-jun-2014. Then in the testGetStartDate I would create 2 new instances, with Ids 1 and 2 and check the content of the result.
Particularly, in your project
You will have a Test/Model/PersonTest unit test that will be able to play with the logics of the person, and in case of needing a person from the database, you will fake it thru the mock.
In case you want to test the storing of the person to the database, it is enough that you unit-test that the event is thrown, no matter who listens to it. You can create a fake listener, attach to the event, and when the postChangeAge happens mark a flag and do nothing (no real database storage). Then you assert that the flag is set.
In short:
Do not confuse logics and data-persistance. Create a Model that has nothing to do with entities, and put all the logics in it.
Do never use new to get your models from any consumer. Use factory services instead. Special attention to avoid news in controllers and commands. Exception: The unit-test is the only consumer that can use a new.
Inject the services you need in the Model via the factory, which in turn receives it from the services.yml configuration file.
Throw events for everything. When I say everything, means everything. Just imagine you observe the model. What would you like to know? Add an event for it.
Catch the events from controllers, views, commands and from other parts of the model, but, specially, catch them in the data-storage layer, so you can "copy" the object to the disk without being intrusive to the model.
Unit test your logics without depending on any real database. Attach the real database storage system in production and attach a dummy implementation for your tests.
Seems a lot of work. But it is not. It is a matter of getting used to it. Just think about the "objects" you need, create them and make the data-layer be "monitors" of your objects. Then your objects are free to run, decoupled. If you create the model from a factory, inject any needed service in the model to the model, and leave the data alone.
Edit apr/2016 - Separating Domain from Persistance
All occurences of the word entity in this answer are referring to the "doctrine entities" which is what causes confusion to the majority of coders, between the model layer and the persistance layer which should be always different.
Doctrine is infrastructure, so doctrine is outside the model by definition.
Doctrine has entities. So, by definition, then doctrine entities are also outside the model.
Instead, the increasing popularity of the DDD building blocks makes a need to clarify even more my answer, as DDD uses the word Entity within the model too.
Domain entities (not Doctrine entities) are similar to what I refer in this answer to Domain objects.
In fact, there are many types of Domain objects:
Domain entities (different from the Doctrine entites).
Domain value objects (could be thought similar to basic types, with logic).
Domain events (also distinct from those Symfony events and also different from the Doctrine events).
Domain commands (different from those Symfony command line controller-like helpers).
Domain services (different from the Symfony framework services).
etc.
Therefore, take all my explanation as this: when I say "Entities are not model objects" just read "Doctrine entities are not Domain entities".
Edit jun/2019 - CQRS+ES analogy
Ancients already used persistant history methods to recod things (for example placing marks on a stone to register transactions).
Since a decade long the CQRS+ES approach (Command Query Responsability Segregation + Event Sourcing) in programming has been growing in popularity, bringing that idea of "the history is immutable" to the programs we code and today many coders think of separating the command side vs the query side. If you don't know what I'm talking about, no worries, just skip the next paragraphs.
The growing popularity of CQRS+ES in the last 3 or 4 years makes me think to consider a comment here and how it relates to what I answered here 5 years ago:
This answer was thought as 1 single model, not a write-model and a read-model. But I'm happy to see many overlapping ideas.
Think of the PRE events, I mention here, as the "commands and the write-model". Think of the POST events as the "Event Sourcing part going towards the read-model".
In CQRS you can easily find that "commands can be accepted or not" in function of the internal state. Usually one implements them throwing exceptions but there are other alternatives there, like answering if the command was accepted or not.
For example, in a "Train" I can "set it to X speed". But if the state is that the train is in a rail that cannot go further 80Km/h, then setting it to 200 should be rejected.
This is ANALOGOUS to the cancel boolean passed by reference where an entity could just "reject" something PRIOR to its state change.
Instead the POST events do not carry the "cancel" event and are thrown AFTER the state change happened. This is why you could not cancel them: They talk about the "state change that actually occurred" and therefore it cannot be cancelled: It aleady happened.
So...
In my answer of 2014, the "pre" events match with the "Command acceptance" of the CQRS+ES systems (the command can be accepted or rejected), and the "post" events match the "Domain events" of the CQRS+ES systems (it just informs that the change actually already happened, do whatever you want with that information).
You already mentioned a very good point. Instances of class Person are not the only thing that can have an age. BlogArticles can also age along with many other types. If you're using PHP 5.4+ you can utilize traits to add little pieces of functionality instead of having service objects from the container (or maybe you can combine them).
Here is a quick mockup of what you could do to make it very flexible. This is the basic idea:
Have one age calculating trait (Aging)
Have a specific trait which can return the appropriate field ($birthdate, $createdDate, ...)
Use the trait inside your class
Generic
trait Aging {
public function getAge() {
return $this->calculate($this->start());
}
public function calculate($startDate) { ... }
}
For person
trait AgingPerson {
use Aging;
public function start() {
return $this->birthDate;
}
}
class Person {
use AgingPerson;
private $birthDate = '1999-01-01';
}
For blog article
// Use for articles, pages, news items, ...
trait AgingContent {
use Aging;
public function start() {
return $this->createdDate;
}
}
class BlogArticle {
use AgingContent;
private $createDate = '2014-01-01';
}
Now you can ask any instance of the above classes for their age.
echo (new Person())->getAge();
echo (new BlogArticle())->getAge();
Finally
If you need type hinting traits won't do you any favors. In that case you will need to provide an interface and let every class that uses the trait implement it (the actual implementation is the trait but the interface enables type hinting).
interface Ageable {
public function getAge();
}
class Person implements Ageable { ... }
class BlogArticle implements Ageable { ... }
function doSomethingWithAgeable(Ageable $object) { ... }
This may seem like a lot of hassle when in reality it's much easier to maintain and extend this way.
A big part is that there is no easy way to inject dependencies when using the database.
$person = $personRepository->find(1); // How to get the age service injected?
One solution might be to pass the age service as an argument.
$ageCalculator = $container('age_service');
$person = $personRepository->find(1);
$age = $person->calcAge($ageCalculator);
But really, you would probably be better off just adding the age stuff to your Person class. Easier to test and all that.
It sounds like you might have some output formatting going on? That sort of thing should probably be done in twig. getAge should really just return a number.
Likewise, your date of birth really should be a date object and not a string.
You are right, it's generally discouraged. However, there are several approaches how you can extend the functionality of an entity beyond the purpose of a data container. Of course, all of them can be considered (more or less) bad practice … but somehow you gotta do the job, right?
You can indeed create an AbstractEntity super class, from which all other entities inherit. This AbstractEntity would contain helper methods that other entities may need.
You can work with custom Doctrine repositories, if you need an entity context to work with an entity manager and return “more special” results than what the common getters would give you. As you have access to the entity manager in a repository, you can perform all kinds of special queries.
You can write a service that is in charge of the entity/entities in question. Downside: you cannot control that other parts of your code (or other developers) know of this service. Advantage: There's no limit to what you can do, and it's all nicely encapsuled.
You can work with Lifecycle Events/Callbacks.
If you really need to inject services into entities, you could consider setting a static property on the entity and only set it once in a controller or a dedicated service. Then you don't need to take care on each initialization of an object. Could be combined with the AbstractEntity approach.
As mentioned before, all of these are have their advantages and disadvantages. Pick your poison.
I'm beginning to work on the caching infrastructure for my ASP.NET MVC site. The problem is, I can't seem to find a reasonable place for data caching (other than 'everywhere')
Right now my architecture looks like this:
Controller -> Service Layer -> Repository. The repository uses Linq to SQL for data access.
The repository exposes generic methods like Insert, GetById, and GetQueryable, which returns an IQueryable that the service layer can further refine.
I like the idea of putting caching in the repository layer, since the service layer shouldn't really care where the data comes from. The problem though is with cache invalidation. The service layer has more information about when data becomes stale than the repository. For instance:
Suppose we have a Users table and an Orders table (the canonical example). The service layer offers methods like GetOrder(int id), which would call the repository layer:
public Order GetOrder(int id)
{
using(var repo = _repoFactory.Create<Order>())
{
return repo.GetById(id)
}
}
or
repo.GetQueryable(order => order.Id == id && order.HasShipped == false).Single();
If we cache in the repository layer, it seems like it would be very limited in knowing when that order data has changed. Suppose the user was deleted, causing all their orders to be deleted with a CASCADE. The service layer could invalidate the Orders cache, since it knew the user was just removed. The repository though (since it's a Unit of Work), wouldn't be aware. (Ignore the fact that we shouldn't be querying orders for a deleted user, since it's just an example).
There's other situations where I think this shows itself. Suppose we want to fetch all the users orders:
repo.GetQueryable(order => order.UserId == userId).ToList()
The repository can cache the results of this query, but, if another order is added, this query is no longer valid. Only the service layer is aware of this though.
It's also possible my understanding of the repository layer is wrong. I sort of view it as a facade around the data source (i.e. changing from L2SQL to EF to whatever, the service layer is unaware of the underlying source).
Realistically, you will need another layer; the data caching layer. It will be used by your service layer when requesting data. Upon such a request, it will decide if it has the data in cache or if it needs to query the appropriate repository. Likewise, your service layer can tell this new data caching layer of an invalidation (the deletion of a particular user, etc.).
What this can mean for your architecture though, is that your data caching layer will implement the same interface(s) your repositories do. A fairly simple implementation would cache the data by entity type and key. However, if you are using a more sophisticated ORM behind the scenes (NHibernate, EF 4, etc.), it should have caching as an option for you.
You could put an event on the objects returned by your repositories, and have the repository subscribe the cache invalidation to a handler.
For example,
public class SomethingRepository{
public Something GetById(int id){
var something = _table.Single(x=>x.id==id);
something.DataChanged += this.InvalidateCache;
return something;
}
public void InvalidateCache(object sender, EventArgs e){
// invalidate your cache
}
}
And your Something object needs to have a DataChanged event and some public method for your service layer to call to trigger it. Like,
public class Something{
private int _id;
public int Id{
get { return _id; }
set {
if( _id != value )
{
_id = value;
OnDataChanged();
}
}
}
public event EventHandler DataChanged;
public void OnDataChanged(){
if(DataChanged!=null)
DataChanged(this, EventArgs.Empty);
}
}
So, all your service layer needs to know is that the data is being changed, and the repository handles the cache invalidation.
I also suggest you take ventaur's advice and put the cache invalidation logic in a separate service. You don't need to go so far as to create a separate "data caching layer", but the logic would be cleaner if kept in a different class.
if we can access the private members through setters and getters then what is the use of private?
You need the private to enforce Encapsulation. It is one of the fundamental paradigm of Object Oriented programming to keep the implementation of something separate from the interface. This reduces the coupling between your different program parts and in the long run make it more maintainable.
Take the following example :
class toto {
private String someThing;
public String getSomething();
public void setSomething(String Something);
}
If you change above to simply put someThing public, sure you have less code, but if one day that someThing needs to change to a more complex object for some new functionality while the old code could still work fine with a string then you need to change everything. By isolating the internal representation of someThing you can evolve your system much more easily
class toto {
private ComplexSomeThing someThing;
public String getSomething(){ someThing.toString();}
public void setSomething(String something){ something = new ComplexSomeThing(something);}
public ComplexSomeThing (getComplexSomething();
public void setComplexSomething(ComplexSomething someThing);
}
There are other reasons that makes encapsulation a Good Thing (tm), this is just a silly example to illustrate the point.
EDIT
There is somewhat of a debate right now as to using protected vs private or to use concepts akin to properties in some languages (Delphi, C#) rather than getters and setters (as in Java).
Protected rather than private will allow easier changes by the clients of the code but it does expose the innards of your system more so there is a balance to strive for between usability of the API and it's maintainability. However the basic principle of encapsulation remains.
Whatever the option chosen one still needs to expose functionality that is coherent and on the same level of abstraction and hide the gory details of how this is done.
To me the debate is not to declare a jihad against private but to find a way to provide extensibility and flexibility while not breaking the coherence of the API.
Here some interesting reading about private if you want to dig further. However I must stress that before forming an opinion about private you should really master the concepts of encapsulation and polymorphism, their apparent simplicity does hides some subtle complexities.
Because the getters and setters can act as a proxy. They make it so that you can hide the actual insides of the class, and only let the outside classes access the data through methods. Allowing you to treat the inners of the class however you want.
Just because your getter/setter is named getName() and your property is called name, doesn't mean it will always be that way.
What if you wanted to change the variable to be fullName. If you directly accessed public variables, the change would break a lot of code. Instead, you can simply remap where getName() retrieves its data from.
One of my best examples of this is my own URL class, where I allow for creating and manipulating a URL. If you want to set the scheme, you can get $obj->setScheme(). However, you don't know whether I am manually making the string every time you change the URL, whether I am storing them as separate parts. This gives me flexibility as I can store your data however I want to.
Furthermore, I can preform manipulations on the data before storing it. In my URL class, I assume that all schemes and host names are lowercase. I can standardize this by converting all strings saved via setHost() to lowercase, and then storing them. If I used a public variable, you would have to assume that the client that put the data in was correctly storing it.
They can also validate information that is being passed in to make sure that it is valid data, and cause an error if it isn't.
No one forces you to put in getters and setters for every variable. Indeed, blindly using private members + dummy getters & setters for every variable is pointless, even though many "object oriented encapsulation" tutorials do this all the time for some reason. For one thing, such encapsulation is no encapsulation from concurrency viewpoint.
I think what you really want to understand is why we use public properties with private backing fields, instead of just using public fields. There are several questions on SO like this; here's one:
What is the difference between a Field and a Property in C#?
I think you have good answers so far (information hiding and all that). Just want to add a suggestion about using setters.
As you mentioned using accessors makes private variables a bit pointless and in some environments performance consequence of using getters and setters just makes it worthless.
On the other hand if you don't have such concerns, I think using getters isn't so bad, but you should think twice before using setters. They make your object mutable which is especially hard to maintain in concurrent environments.