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When I use base R to plot something, then certain characters will not be displayed correctly, e.g.
plot(1:10,1:10, xlab = paste(letters[1:26], collapse =''), ylab = paste(letters[1:26], collapse =''))
produces the following plot:
Characters such as h, n and u are chopped off in the console view - however only on the y-axis. Exporting the plot via png() does not work, either. I have noticed that this problem only occurs when the code is executed in RStudio (Version 2022.07.0 Build 548, Windows 10).
How can I output the wedge symbol in R?
For example if I wanted C ∧ W, I might use $𝐶 \wedge 𝑊$ in LaTeX. This is helpful when I have to use R to write a factor structure diagram.
The wedge operator is apparently not included in the R ?plotmath functionality. You can do this with a Unicode symbol, although it could conceivably be sensitive to the fonts available on your system/for a particular output format. (To figure out the appropriate code I did a web search for "Unicode wedge" and found e.g. the wikipedia page; see also here)
png("wedge.png")
plot(0:1,0:1, type="n", ann=FALSE,axes=FALSE)
text(0.5, 0.5, "A \u2227 B", cex=5)
dev.off()
If you want to go for the full-blown LaTeX solution you can use the tikzDevice package:
library(tikzDevice)
tikz("wedge.tex", standAlone = TRUE)
plot(0:1,0:1, type="n", ann=FALSE,axes=FALSE)
text(0.5, 0.5, "$A \\wedge B$", cex=5)
dev.off()
system("pdflatex wedge; pdfcrop wedge.pdf; convert wedge-crop.pdf wedge2.png")
I want to use expression for my ylab= when plotting in R. How do I get characters, using expression using the \mathcal{} style font? I am running Ubuntu and I don't want to use ggplot.
To clarify: part of the ylab will contain mathcal characters and part of it will not (and will be a formula). That's why I want to use expression
It is this symbol which I want:
= \mathcal{E}
One possible solution is to use tikz, which is kind of awesome, here is a much less beautiful example than the one they generate in the help of function tikzDevide::tikz:
require(filehash)
require(tikzDevice)
tikz("sinhplot.tex", width = 8, height = 4,
standAlone = TRUE,
packages = c("\\usepackage{tikz}",
"\\usepackage[active,tightpage,psfixbb]{preview}",
"\\PreviewEnvironment{pgfpicture}",
"\\setlength\\PreviewBorder{0pt}",
"\\usepackage{amssymb}")
plot(sinh, col="steelblue", lwd=2, xlim=c(-3,3), xlab="$\\mathcal E= [-3 , 3]$")
grid()
dev.off()
tools::texi2dvi(sinhplot,pdf=T)
system(paste(getOption('pdfviewer'),'sinhplot.pdf'))
The result looks quite nice!
Another solution is to just give up having beautiful characters in the labels of your figures...
I would like to add LaTeX typesetting to elements of plots in R (e.g: the title, axis labels, annotations, etc.) using either the combination of base/lattice or with ggplot2.
Questions:
Is there a way to get LaTeX into plots using these packages, and if so, how is it done?
If not, are there additional packages needed to accomplish this.
For example, in Python matplotlib compiles LaTeX via the text.usetex packages as discussed here: http://www.scipy.org/Cookbook/Matplotlib/UsingTex
Is there a similar process by which such plots can be generated in R?
The CRAN package latex2exp contains a TeX function that translate LaTeX formulas to R's plotmath expressions. You can use it anywhere you could enter mathematical annotations, such as axis labels, legend labels, and general text.
For example:
x <- seq(0, 4, length.out=100)
alpha <- 1:5
plot(x, xlim=c(0, 4), ylim=c(0, 10),
xlab='x', ylab=TeX(r'($\alpha x^\alpha$, where $\alpha \in \{1 \ldots 5\}$)'),
type='n', main=TeX(r'(Using $\LaTeX$ for plotting in base graphics!)', bold=TRUE))
for (a in alpha) {
lines(x, a*x^a, col=a)
}
legend('topleft',
legend=TeX(sprintf(r'($\alpha = %d$)', alpha)),
lwd=1,
col=alpha)
produces this plot.
Here's an example using ggplot2:
q <- qplot(cty, hwy, data = mpg, colour = displ)
q + xlab(expression(beta +frac(miles, gallon)))
As stolen from here, the following command correctly uses LaTeX to draw the title:
plot(1, main=expression(beta[1]))
See ?plotmath for more details.
You can generate tikz code from R:
http://r-forge.r-project.org/projects/tikzdevice/
Here's something from my own Lab Reports.
tickzDevice exports tikz images for LaTeX
Note, that in certain cases "\\" becomes "\" and "$" becomes "$\" as in the following R code: "$z\\frac{a}{b}$" -> "$\z\frac{a}{b}$\"
Also xtable exports tables to latex code
The code:
library(reshape2)
library(plyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(systemfit)
library(xtable)
require(graphics)
require(tikzDevice)
setwd("~/DataFolder/")
Lab5p9 <- read.csv (file="~/DataFolder/Lab5part9.csv", comment.char="#")
AR <- subset(Lab5p9,Region == "Forward.Active")
# make sure the data names aren't already in latex format, it interferes with the ggplot ~ # tikzDecice combo
colnames(AR) <- c("$V_{BB}[V]$", "$V_{RB}[V]$" , "$V_{RC}[V]$" , "$I_B[\\mu A]$" , "IC" , "$V_{BE}[V]$" , "$V_{CE}[V]$" , "beta" , "$I_E[mA]$")
# make sure the working directory is where you want your tikz file to go
setwd("~/TexImageFolder/")
# export plot as a .tex file in the tikz format
tikz('betaplot.tex', width = 6,height = 3.5,pointsize = 12) #define plot name size and font size
#define plot margin widths
par(mar=c(3,5,3,5)) # The syntax is mar=c(bottom, left, top, right).
ggplot(AR, aes(x=IC, y=beta)) + # define data set
geom_point(colour="#000000",size=1.5) + # use points
geom_smooth(method=loess,span=2) + # use smooth
theme_bw() + # no grey background
xlab("$I_C[mA]$") + # x axis label in latex format
ylab ("$\\beta$") + # y axis label in latex format
theme(axis.title.y=element_text(angle=0)) + # rotate y axis label
theme(axis.title.x=element_text(vjust=-0.5)) + # adjust x axis label down
theme(axis.title.y=element_text(hjust=-0.5)) + # adjust y axis lable left
theme(panel.grid.major=element_line(colour="grey80", size=0.5)) +# major grid color
theme(panel.grid.minor=element_line(colour="grey95", size=0.4)) +# minor grid color
scale_x_continuous(minor_breaks=seq(0,9.5,by=0.5)) +# adjust x minor grid spacing
scale_y_continuous(minor_breaks=seq(170,185,by=0.5)) + # adjust y minor grid spacing
theme(panel.border=element_rect(colour="black",size=.75))# border color and size
dev.off() # export file and exit tikzDevice function
Here's a cool function that lets you use the plotmath functionality, but with the expressions stored as objects of the character mode. This lets you manipulate them programmatically using paste or regular expression functions. I don't use ggplot, but it should work there as well:
express <- function(char.expressions){
return(parse(text=paste(char.expressions,collapse=";")))
}
par(mar=c(6,6,1,1))
plot(0,0,xlim=sym(),ylim=sym(),xaxt="n",yaxt="n",mgp=c(4,0.2,0),
xlab="axis(1,(-9:9)/10,tick.labels,las=2,cex.axis=0.8)",
ylab="axis(2,(-9:9)/10,express(tick.labels),las=1,cex.axis=0.8)")
tick.labels <- paste("x >=",(-9:9)/10)
# this is what you get if you just use tick.labels the regular way:
axis(1,(-9:9)/10,tick.labels,las=2,cex.axis=0.8)
# but if you express() them... voila!
axis(2,(-9:9)/10,express(tick.labels),las=1,cex.axis=0.8)
I did this a few years ago by outputting to a .fig format instead of directly to a .pdf; you write the titles including the latex code and use fig2ps or fig2pdf to create the final graphic file. The setup I had to do this broke with R 2.5; if I had to do it again I'd look into tikz instead, but am including this here anyway as another potential option.
My notes on how I did it using Sweave are here: http://www.stat.umn.edu/~arendahl/computing
I just have a workaround. One may first generate an eps file, then convert it back to pgf using the tool eps2pgf. See http://www.texample.net/tikz/examples/eps2pgf/
h <- rnorm(mean = 5, sd = 1, n = 1000)
hist(h, main = expression(paste("Sampled values, ", mu, "=5, ", sigma,
"=1")))
Taken from a very help article here https://stats.idre.ucla.edu/r/codefragments/greek_letters/
You can use the following, for example:
title(sub=TeX(sprintf(paste("Some latex symbols are ", r'(\lambda)', "and", r'(\alpha)'))))
Just remember to enclose LaTeX expressions in paste() using r'()'
You can also add named objects in the paste() function. E.g.,
lambda_variable <- 3
title(sub=TeX(sprintf(paste(r'(\lambda=)', lambda_variable))))
Not sure if there are better ways to do this, but the above worked for me :)
I would like to add LaTeX typesetting to elements of plots in R (e.g: the title, axis labels, annotations, etc.) using either the combination of base/lattice or with ggplot2.
Questions:
Is there a way to get LaTeX into plots using these packages, and if so, how is it done?
If not, are there additional packages needed to accomplish this.
For example, in Python matplotlib compiles LaTeX via the text.usetex packages as discussed here: http://www.scipy.org/Cookbook/Matplotlib/UsingTex
Is there a similar process by which such plots can be generated in R?
The CRAN package latex2exp contains a TeX function that translate LaTeX formulas to R's plotmath expressions. You can use it anywhere you could enter mathematical annotations, such as axis labels, legend labels, and general text.
For example:
x <- seq(0, 4, length.out=100)
alpha <- 1:5
plot(x, xlim=c(0, 4), ylim=c(0, 10),
xlab='x', ylab=TeX(r'($\alpha x^\alpha$, where $\alpha \in \{1 \ldots 5\}$)'),
type='n', main=TeX(r'(Using $\LaTeX$ for plotting in base graphics!)', bold=TRUE))
for (a in alpha) {
lines(x, a*x^a, col=a)
}
legend('topleft',
legend=TeX(sprintf(r'($\alpha = %d$)', alpha)),
lwd=1,
col=alpha)
produces this plot.
Here's an example using ggplot2:
q <- qplot(cty, hwy, data = mpg, colour = displ)
q + xlab(expression(beta +frac(miles, gallon)))
As stolen from here, the following command correctly uses LaTeX to draw the title:
plot(1, main=expression(beta[1]))
See ?plotmath for more details.
You can generate tikz code from R:
http://r-forge.r-project.org/projects/tikzdevice/
Here's something from my own Lab Reports.
tickzDevice exports tikz images for LaTeX
Note, that in certain cases "\\" becomes "\" and "$" becomes "$\" as in the following R code: "$z\\frac{a}{b}$" -> "$\z\frac{a}{b}$\"
Also xtable exports tables to latex code
The code:
library(reshape2)
library(plyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(systemfit)
library(xtable)
require(graphics)
require(tikzDevice)
setwd("~/DataFolder/")
Lab5p9 <- read.csv (file="~/DataFolder/Lab5part9.csv", comment.char="#")
AR <- subset(Lab5p9,Region == "Forward.Active")
# make sure the data names aren't already in latex format, it interferes with the ggplot ~ # tikzDecice combo
colnames(AR) <- c("$V_{BB}[V]$", "$V_{RB}[V]$" , "$V_{RC}[V]$" , "$I_B[\\mu A]$" , "IC" , "$V_{BE}[V]$" , "$V_{CE}[V]$" , "beta" , "$I_E[mA]$")
# make sure the working directory is where you want your tikz file to go
setwd("~/TexImageFolder/")
# export plot as a .tex file in the tikz format
tikz('betaplot.tex', width = 6,height = 3.5,pointsize = 12) #define plot name size and font size
#define plot margin widths
par(mar=c(3,5,3,5)) # The syntax is mar=c(bottom, left, top, right).
ggplot(AR, aes(x=IC, y=beta)) + # define data set
geom_point(colour="#000000",size=1.5) + # use points
geom_smooth(method=loess,span=2) + # use smooth
theme_bw() + # no grey background
xlab("$I_C[mA]$") + # x axis label in latex format
ylab ("$\\beta$") + # y axis label in latex format
theme(axis.title.y=element_text(angle=0)) + # rotate y axis label
theme(axis.title.x=element_text(vjust=-0.5)) + # adjust x axis label down
theme(axis.title.y=element_text(hjust=-0.5)) + # adjust y axis lable left
theme(panel.grid.major=element_line(colour="grey80", size=0.5)) +# major grid color
theme(panel.grid.minor=element_line(colour="grey95", size=0.4)) +# minor grid color
scale_x_continuous(minor_breaks=seq(0,9.5,by=0.5)) +# adjust x minor grid spacing
scale_y_continuous(minor_breaks=seq(170,185,by=0.5)) + # adjust y minor grid spacing
theme(panel.border=element_rect(colour="black",size=.75))# border color and size
dev.off() # export file and exit tikzDevice function
Here's a cool function that lets you use the plotmath functionality, but with the expressions stored as objects of the character mode. This lets you manipulate them programmatically using paste or regular expression functions. I don't use ggplot, but it should work there as well:
express <- function(char.expressions){
return(parse(text=paste(char.expressions,collapse=";")))
}
par(mar=c(6,6,1,1))
plot(0,0,xlim=sym(),ylim=sym(),xaxt="n",yaxt="n",mgp=c(4,0.2,0),
xlab="axis(1,(-9:9)/10,tick.labels,las=2,cex.axis=0.8)",
ylab="axis(2,(-9:9)/10,express(tick.labels),las=1,cex.axis=0.8)")
tick.labels <- paste("x >=",(-9:9)/10)
# this is what you get if you just use tick.labels the regular way:
axis(1,(-9:9)/10,tick.labels,las=2,cex.axis=0.8)
# but if you express() them... voila!
axis(2,(-9:9)/10,express(tick.labels),las=1,cex.axis=0.8)
I did this a few years ago by outputting to a .fig format instead of directly to a .pdf; you write the titles including the latex code and use fig2ps or fig2pdf to create the final graphic file. The setup I had to do this broke with R 2.5; if I had to do it again I'd look into tikz instead, but am including this here anyway as another potential option.
My notes on how I did it using Sweave are here: http://www.stat.umn.edu/~arendahl/computing
I just have a workaround. One may first generate an eps file, then convert it back to pgf using the tool eps2pgf. See http://www.texample.net/tikz/examples/eps2pgf/
h <- rnorm(mean = 5, sd = 1, n = 1000)
hist(h, main = expression(paste("Sampled values, ", mu, "=5, ", sigma,
"=1")))
Taken from a very help article here https://stats.idre.ucla.edu/r/codefragments/greek_letters/
You can use the following, for example:
title(sub=TeX(sprintf(paste("Some latex symbols are ", r'(\lambda)', "and", r'(\alpha)'))))
Just remember to enclose LaTeX expressions in paste() using r'()'
You can also add named objects in the paste() function. E.g.,
lambda_variable <- 3
title(sub=TeX(sprintf(paste(r'(\lambda=)', lambda_variable))))
Not sure if there are better ways to do this, but the above worked for me :)