What is the difference between = and == in R? - r

Question

What is the difference between = and ==? I have found cases where the double equal sign will allow my script to run while one equal sign produces an error message. When should I use == instead of =?

Answer 1

It depends on context as to what = means. == is always for testing equality.
= can be
in most cases used as a drop-in replacement for <-, the assignment operator.
> x = 10
> x
[1] 10
used as the separator for key-value pairs used to assign values to arguments in function calls.
rnorm(n = 10, mean = 5, sd = 2)
Because of 2. above, = can't be used as a drop-in replacement for <- in all situations. Consider
> rnorm(N <- 10, mean = 5, sd = 2)
[1] 4.893132 4.572640 3.801045 3.646863 4.522483 4.881694 6.710255 6.314024
[9] 2.268258 9.387091
> rnorm(N = 10, mean = 5, sd = 2)
Error in rnorm(N = 10, mean = 5, sd = 2) : unused argument (N = 10)
> N
[1] 10
Now some would consider rnorm(N <- 10, mean = 5, sd = 2) poor programming, but it is valid and you need to be aware of the differences between = and <- for assignment.
== is always used for equality testing:
> set.seed(10)
> logi <- sample(c(TRUE, FALSE), 10, replace = TRUE)
> logi
[1] FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE
> logi == TRUE
[1] FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE
> seq.int(1, 10) == 5L
[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
Do be careful with == too however, as it really means exactly equal to and on a computer where floating point operations are involved you may not get the answer you were expecting. For example, from ?'==':
> x1 <- 0.5 - 0.3
> x2 <- 0.3 - 0.1
> x1 == x2 # FALSE on most machines
[1] FALSE
> identical(all.equal(x1, x2), TRUE) # TRUE everywhere
[1] TRUE
where all.equal() tests for equality allowing for a little bit of fuzziness due to loss of precision/floating point operations.

Answer 2

= is basically a synonym for assignment ( <- ), but most often used when passing values into functions.
== is a test for equality

Answer 3

In the simplest of terms, take these two lines of code for example:
1) x = 10
2) x == 10
The first line (x = 10) means "I am commanding that x is equal to 10."
The second line (x == 10) means "I am asking the question, is x equal to 10?"
If you write "x == 10" first, it will give you an error message and tell you that x is not found.
If you write "x = 10," this will store x as 10.
After you have written "x = 10", then if you write "x == 10," it will respond "TRUE", as in "yes, x does equal 10, because you made x equal to 10." But if you write "x == 11" or "x == 12" or x == anything besides 10, then it will respond that "FALSE," as in "no, x does not equal 11 or 12 or anything besides 10, because you made x equal to 10."

Answer 4

(=) is a Assignment operator while (==) is a Equal to operator.
(=) is used for assigning the values from right to left while (==) is used for showing equality between values.
Example:
$test = 1;
if($test=2){
echo "Hello";
}
if($test==2){
echo "world";
}
//The result is Hello because = is assigning the value to $test and the second condition is false because it check the equality of $test to the value 2.
I hope this will help.