How does IP prevent infinite loops? [closed] - networking

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If a packet is mistakenly routed in a closed loop among a number of machines, it could theoretically loop in the network forever. How does IP ensure that this cannot happen for Internet Packets?

There is such thing as TTL. You should perform basic internet search before posting a question.

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how colision detected in ethenet with fiber and coaxil cable ( csma/cd ) [closed]

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I'm reading about csma/cd and i think to myself that in a lan with utp it is make sense because it has special pair for sending and special ones for receiving at the same time.
but i think in fiber and coaxil cable! what about them csma/cd can't be applied on the lan based on coaxil or fiber optic?

What if I use 1 million IPv6 addresses per second then how long would it take to exhaust all the addresses? [closed]

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if I use 1 million IPv6 addresses per second then how long would it take to exhaust all the addresses. Explain
For a single IPv6 /64 network it would take over 584,542 years. For all the possible IPv6 networks, it would take 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 times that because that is how many possible IPv6 /64 networks there are.

How can https://www.whatismyip.com/ see my LAN IP address? [closed]

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The website is showing my correct internal LAN IP address.
https://www.whatismyip.com/
It does not work in Safari.
I do not suspect this is an XKCD #628 attack. How is this website implementing this?
This is because of WebRTC feature.WebRTC feature will leak your IP address even if you are behind a proxy server or using a VPN service.

Can't ping server, but server can ping client [closed]

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I have a Windows Server 2012 R2 Standard using a D-Link router. I want to Configure it using Static IP Addresses.
Try to turn off the firewall and ping to test the response.
If that does work, then re-enable the firewall and allow ping.
https://blog.blksthl.com/2012/11/20/how-to-enable-ping-in-windows-server-2012/

How do the routers know the complete topology of the network in link state routing? [closed]

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I know that in LSR, each router sends LSA packet to its neighbors, which is then flooded. But I can't figure out how the routers know the complete topology in this process.
Link state update packets contains information about originating router, its interfaces and neighbors connected via these interfaces, therefore, by collecting and joining this information any router can build graph of the network (or area) to which it belongs.

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