Here is the code I have for reading a text file a storing it as a dictionary:
from sys import argv
def data(file):
d = {}
for line in file:
if line.strip() != '':
key,value = line.split(":")
if key == 'RootObject':
continue
if key == 'Object':
obj = value.strip()
d[obj]={}
else:
d[obj][key] = value.strip()
return d
file = open(argv[1])
planets = data(file)
print(planets)
My question is did I implement the argv correctly so that any user can run the dictionary by just typing solardictionary.py random.txt in the commandline and run it. I tried running this but I keep getting an index error and I'm not sure there might be something wrong with my argv implementation.
You need to type file = open(sys.argv[1],'r') in order to access the array because it is contained within the sys module.
http://docs.python.org/3.1/library/sys.html#module-sys
You may also be interested in opening the file within a try-catch block.
Related
I'm trying to migrate a codebase from PyQt5 to PyQt6. I read in this article (see https://www.pythonguis.com/faq/pyqt5-vs-pyqt6/) that all enum members must be named using their fully qualified names. The article gives this example:
# PyQt5
widget = QCheckBox("This is a checkbox")
widget.setCheckState(Qt.Checked)
# PyQt6
widget = QCheckBox("This is a checkbox")
widget.setCheckState(Qt.CheckState.Checked)
Then the article continues:
"There are too many updated values to mention them all here. But if you're converting a codebase you can usually just search online for the short-form and the longer form will be in the results."
I get the point. This quote basically says something along the lines:
"If the Python interpreter runs into an error, and the error turns out to be a short-form enum, you'll likely find the solution online."
I get that. But this is not how I want to migrate the codebase. I want a full list of all the short-form enums and then perform a global search-and-replace for each.
Where can I find such a list?
I wrote a script to extract all the short-form and corresponding fully qualified enum names from the PyQt6 installation. It then does the conversions automatically:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# ================================================================================================ #
# ENUM CONVERTER TOOL #
# ================================================================================================ #
from typing import *
import os, argparse, inspect, re
q = "'"
help_text = '''
Copyright (c) 2022 Kristof Mulier
MIT licensed, see bottom
ENUM CONVERTER TOOL
===================
The script starts from the toplevel directory (assuming that you put this file in that directory)
and crawls through all the files and folders. In each file, it searches for old-style enums to
convert them into fully qualified names.
HOW TO USE
==========
Fill in the path to your PyQt6 installation folder. See line 57:
pyqt6_folderpath = 'C:/Python39/Lib/site-packages/PyQt6'
Place this script in the toplevel directory of your project. Open a terminal, navigate to the
directory and invoke this script:
$ python enum_converter_tool.py
WARNING
=======
This script modifies the files in your project! Make sure to backup your project before you put this
file inside. Also, you might first want to do a dry run:
$ python enum_converter_tool.py --dry_run
FEATURES
========
You can invoke this script in the following ways:
$ python enum_converter_tool.py No parameters. The script simply goes through
all the files and makes the replacements.
$ python enum_converter_tool.py --dry_run Dry run mode. The script won't do any replace-
ments, but prints out what it could replace.
$ python enum_converter_tool.py --show Print the dictionary this script creates to
convert the old-style enums into new-style.
$ python enum_converter_tool.py --help Show this help info
'''
# IMPORTANT: Point at the folder where PyQt6 stub files are located. This folder will be examined to
# fill the 'enum_dict'.
pyqt6_folderpath = 'C:/Python39/Lib/site-packages/PyQt6'
# Figure out where the toplevel directory is located. We assume that this converter tool is located
# in that directory. An os.walk() operation starts from this toplevel directory to find and process
# all files.
toplevel_directory = os.path.realpath(
os.path.dirname(
os.path.realpath(
inspect.getfile(
inspect.currentframe()
)
)
)
).replace('\\', '/')
# Figure out the name of this script. It will be used later on to exclude oneself from the replace-
# ments.
script_name = os.path.realpath(
inspect.getfile(inspect.currentframe())
).replace('\\', '/').split('/')[-1]
# Create the dictionary that will be filled with enums
enum_dict:Dict[str, str] = {}
def fill_enum_dict(filepath:str) -> None:
'''
Parse the given stub file to extract the enums and flags. Each one is inside a class, possibly a
nested one. For example:
---------------------------------------------------------------------
| class Qt(PyQt6.sip.simplewrapper): |
| class HighDpiScaleFactorRoundingPolicy(enum.Enum): |
| Round = ... # type: Qt.HighDpiScaleFactorRoundingPolicy |
---------------------------------------------------------------------
The enum 'Round' is from class 'HighDpiScaleFactorRoundingPolicy' which is in turn from class
'Qt'. The old reference style would then be:
> Qt.Round
The new style (fully qualified name) would be:
> Qt.HighDpiScaleFactorRoundingPolicy.Round
The aim of this function is to fill the 'enum_dict' with an entry like:
enum_dict = {
'Qt.Round' : 'Qt.HighDpiScaleFactorRoundingPolicy.Round'
}
'''
content:str = ''
with open(filepath, 'r', encoding='utf-8', newline='\n', errors='replace') as f:
content = f.read()
p = re.compile(r'(\w+)\s+=\s+\.\.\.\s+#\s*type:\s*([\w.]+)')
for m in p.finditer(content):
# Observe the enum's name, eg. 'Round'
enum_name = m.group(1)
# Figure out in which classes it is
class_list = m.group(2).split('.')
# If it belongs to just one class (no nesting), there is no point in continuing
if len(class_list) == 1:
continue
# Extract the old and new enum's name
old_enum = f'{class_list[0]}.{enum_name}'
new_enum = ''
for class_name in class_list:
new_enum += f'{class_name}.'
continue
new_enum += enum_name
# Add them to the 'enum_dict'
enum_dict[old_enum] = new_enum
continue
return
def show_help() -> None:
'''
Print help info and quit.
'''
print(help_text)
return
def convert_enums_in_file(filepath:str, dry_run:bool) -> None:
'''
Convert the enums in the given file.
'''
filename:str = filepath.split('/')[-1]
# Ignore the file in some cases
if any(filename == fname for fname in (script_name, )):
return
# Read the content
content:str = ''
with open(filepath, 'r', encoding='utf-8', newline='\n', errors='replace') as f:
content = f.read()
# Loop over all the keys in the 'enum_dict'. Perform a replacement in the 'content' for each of
# them.
for k, v in enum_dict.items():
if k not in content:
continue
# Compile a regex pattern that only looks for the old enum (represented by the key of the
# 'enum_dict') if it is surrounded by bounds. What we want to avoid is a situation like
# this:
# k = 'Qt.Window'
# k found in 'qt.Qt.WindowType.Window'
# In the situation above, k is found in 'qt.Qt.WindowType.Window' such that a replacement
# will take place there, messing up the code! By surrounding k with bounds in the regex pat-
# tern, this won't happen.
p = re.compile(fr'\b{k}\b')
# Substitute all occurences of k (key) in 'content' with v (value). The 'subn()' method re-
# turns a tuple (new_string, number_of_subs_made).
new_content, n = p.subn(v, content)
if n == 0:
assert new_content == content
continue
assert new_content != content
print(f'{q}{filename}{q}: Replace {q}{k}{q} => {q}{v}{q} ({n})')
content = new_content
continue
if dry_run:
return
with open(filepath, 'w', encoding='utf-8', newline='\n', errors='replace') as f:
f.write(content)
return
def convert_all(dry_run:bool) -> None:
'''
Search and replace all enums.
'''
for root, dirs, files in os.walk(toplevel_directory):
for f in files:
if not f.endswith('.py'):
continue
filepath = os.path.join(root, f).replace('\\', '/')
convert_enums_in_file(filepath, dry_run)
continue
continue
return
if __name__ == '__main__':
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
description = 'Convert enums to fully-qualified names',
add_help = False,
)
parser.add_argument('-h', '--help' , action='store_true')
parser.add_argument('-d', '--dry_run' , action='store_true')
parser.add_argument('-s', '--show' , action='store_true')
args = parser.parse_args()
if args.help:
show_help()
else:
#& Check if 'pyqt6_folderpath' exists
if not os.path.exists(pyqt6_folderpath):
print(
f'\nERROR:\n'
f'Folder {q}{pyqt6_folderpath}{q} could not be found. Make sure that variable '
f'{q}pyqt6_folderpath{q} from line 57 points to the PyQt6 installation folder.\n'
)
else:
#& Fill the 'enum_dict'
type_hint_files = [
os.path.join(pyqt6_folderpath, _filename)
for _filename in os.listdir(pyqt6_folderpath)
if _filename.endswith('.pyi')
]
for _filepath in type_hint_files:
fill_enum_dict(_filepath)
continue
#& Perform requested action
if args.show:
import pprint
pprint.pprint(enum_dict)
elif args.dry_run:
print('\nDRY RUN\n')
convert_all(dry_run=True)
else:
convert_all(dry_run=False)
print('\nQuit enum converter tool\n')
# MIT LICENSE
# ===========
# Copyright (c) 2022 Kristof Mulier
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and
# associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, in-
# cluding without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicen-
# se, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to
# do so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substan-
# tial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT
# NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRIN-
# GEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
# OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
# CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
Make sure you backup your Python project. Then place this file in the toplevel directory of the project. Modify line 57 (!) such that it points to your PyQt6 installation folder.
First run the script with the --dry_run flag to make sure you agree with the replacements. Then run it without any flags.
I have a function that I want to open .dat files with, to extract data from them, but the problem is I don't know how to turn that data back into a dictionary to store in a variable. Currently, the data in the files are stored like this: "{"x":0,"y":1}" (it uses up only one line of the file, which is just the normal structure of a dictionary).
Below is just the function where I open the .dat file and try to extract stuff from it.
def openData():
file = fd.askopenfile(filetypes=[("Data",".dat"),("All Files",".*")])
filepath = file.name
if file is None:
return
with open(filepath,"r") as f:
contents = dict(f.read())
print(contents["x"]) #let's say there is a key called "x" in that dictionary
This is the error that I get from it: (not because the key "x" is not in dict, trust me)
Exception in Tkinter callback
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "...\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python39\lib\tkinter\__init__.py", line 1892, in __call__
return self.func(*args)
File "...\PycharmProjects\[this project]\main.py", line 204, in openData
contents = dict(f.read())
ValueError: dictionary update sequence element #0 has length 1; 2 is required
Process finished with exit code 0
Update: I tried using json and it worked, thanks to #match
def openData():
file = fd.askopenfile(filetypes=[("Data",".dat"),("All Files",".*")])
filepath = file.name
if file is None:
return
with open(filepath,"r") as f:
contents = dict(json.load(f))
print(contents["x"])
You need to parse the data to get a data structure from a string, fortunately, Python provides a function for safely parsing Python data structures: ast.literal_eval(). E.g:
import ast
...
with open("/path/to/file", "r") as data:
dictionary = ast.literal_eval(data.read())
Reference stackoverflow
I am using Octave 5.1.0 on Windows 10 (x64). I am parsing a series of directories looking for an Excel spreadsheet in each directory with "logbook" in its filename. The problem is these files are created by hand and the filenaming isn't consistent: sometimes it's "LogBook", other times it's "logbook", etc...
It looks like the string passed as input to the dir function is case-sensitive so if I don't have the correct case, dir returns an empty struct. Currently, I am using the following workaround, but I wondered if there was a better way of doing this (for a start I haven't captured all possible upper/lower case combinations):
logbook = dir('*LogBook.xls*');
if isempty(logbook)
logbook = dir('*logbook.xls*');
if isempty(logbook)
logbook = dir('*Logbook.xls*');
if isempty(logbook)
logbook = dir('*logBook.xls*');
if isempty(logbook)
error(['Could not find logbook spreadsheet in ' dir_name '.'])
end
end
end
end
You need to get the list of filenames (either via readdir, dir, ls), and then search for the string in that list. If you use readdir, it can be done like this:
[files, err, msg] = readdir ('.'); # read current directory
if (err != 0)
error ("failed to readdir (error code %d): %s", msg);
endif
logbook_indices = find (cellfun (#any, regexpi (files, 'logbook'));
logbook_filenames = files(logbook_indices);
A much less standard approach could be:
glob ('*[lL][oO][gG][bB][oO][kK]*')
I am trying to select data from a table in SQLite one row ONLY at a time for each call to the function, and I want the row to increment on each call (self.count is initialized elsewhere and 'line' is irrelevant here) I am using an adbapi connection pool in Twisted to connect to the DB. Here is the code I have tried:
def queryBTData4(self,line):
self.count=self.count+1
uuId=self.count
query="SELECT co2_data, patient_Id FROM btdata4 WHERE uid=:uid",{"uid": uuId}
d = self.dbpool.runQuery(query)
return d
This code works if I just set uid=1 or any other number in the DB (I used autoincrement for uid when I created the DB) but when I try to assign a value to uid (i.e. self.count via uuId) it reports that the operator has to be string or unicode.(I have tried both but it does not seem to help) However, I know that the query statement above works just fine in a previous program when I use a cursor and the execute command but I cannot see why it does not work here. I have tried all sorts of combinations and searched for a solution but have not found anything yet that works.(I have also tried the statement with brackets and other forms)
Thanks for any help or advice.
Here is the entire code:
from twisted.internet import protocol, reactor
from twisted.protocols import basic
from twisted.enterprise import adbapi
import sqlite3, time
class ServerProtocol(basic.LineReceiver):
def __init__(self):
self.conn = sqlite3.connect('biomed2.db',check_same_thread=False)
self.dbpool = adbapi.ConnectionPool("sqlite3" , 'biomed2.db', check_same_thread=False)
def connectionMade(self):
self.sendLine("conn made")
factory = protocol.ClientFactory()
factory.protocol = ClientProtocol
factory.originator = self
reactor.connectTCP('localhost', 1234, factory)
def lineReceived(self, line):
self._received = line
self.insertBTData4(self._received)
self.sendLine("line recvd")
def forwardLine(self, recipient):
recipient.sendLine(self._received)
def insertBTData4(self,data):
print "data in insert is",data
chx=data
PID=2
device_ID=5
query="INSERT INTO btdata4(co2_data,patient_Id, sensor_Id) VALUES ('%s','%s','%s')" % (chx, PID, device_ID)
dF = self.dbpool.runQuery(query)
return dF
class ClientProtocol(basic.LineReceiver):
def __init__(self):
self.conn = sqlite3.connect('biomed2.db',check_same_thread=False)
self.dbpool = adbapi.ConnectionPool("sqlite3" , 'biomed2.db', check_same_thread=False)
self.count=0
def connectionMade(self):
print "server-client made connection with client"
self.factory.originator.forwardLine(self)
#self.transport.loseConnection()
def lineReceived(self, line):
d=self.queryBTData4(self)
d.addCallbacks(self.sendData,self.printError )
def queryBTData4(self,line):
self.count=self.count+1
query=("SELECT co2_data, patient_Id FROM btdata4 WHERE uid=:uid",{"uid": uuId})
dF = self.dbpool.runQuery(query)
return dF
def sendData(self,line):
data=str(line)
self.sendLine(data)
def printError(self,error):
print "Got Error: %r" % error
error.printTraceback()
def main():
factory = protocol.ServerFactory()
factory.protocol = ServerProtocol
reactor.listenTCP(4321, factory)
reactor.run()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
The DB is created in another program, thus:
import sqlite3, time, string
conn = sqlite3.connect('biomed2.db')
c = conn.cursor()
c.execute('''CREATE TABLE btdata4
(uid INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, co2_data integer, patient_Id integer, sensor_Id integer)''')
The main program takes data into the server socket and inserts into DB. On the client socket side, data is removed from the DB one line at a time and sent to an external server. The program also has the ability to send data from the server side to the client side if required but I am not doing so here at the moment.
In queryBTData(), every time the function is called the count increments and I assign that value to uuId, which I then pass to the query. I have had this query statement working in a program where I do not use the adbapi but it does not seem to work here. I hope this is clear enough but if not please let me know and I will try again.
EDIT:
I have modified the program to take one row from the DB at a time (see queryBTData() below) but have come across another problem.
def queryBTData4(self,line):
self.count=self.count+1
xuId= self.count
#xuId=10
return self.dbpool.runQuery("SELECT co2_data FROM btdata4 WHERE uid = ?",xuId)
#return self.dbpool.runQuery("SELECT co2_data FROM btdata4 WHERE uid = 10")
When the count gets to 10 I get an error (which I will post below) which states that: "Incorrect number of bindings supplied. The current statement uses 1, and there are 2 supplied"
I have tried setting xuId to 10 (see commented out line xuId=10) but I still get the same error. However, if I switch the return statements (to commented out return) I do indeed get correct row with no error. I have tried converting xuId to unicode but that makes no difference, I still get the same error. Basically, if I I set uid in the return statement to 10 or more (commented out return) it works, but if I set uid to xuId (i.e. uid=?,xuId) in the first return, it only works when xuId is below 10. The API documentation, as far as I can tell, gives no clue as to why this occurs.(I have also disabled the insert into DB to eliminate this and checked the SQLite3_ limit, which is 999)
Here are the errors I am getting when using the first return statement.
Got Error: <twisted.python.failure.Failure <class 'sqlite3.ProgrammingError'>>
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "c:\python26\lib\threading.py", line 504, in __bootstrap
self.__bootstrap_inner()
File "c:\python26\lib\threading.py", line 532, in __bootstrap_inner
self.run()
File "c:\python26\lib\threading.py", line 484, in run
self.__target(*self.__args, **self.__kwargs)
--- <exception caught here> ---
File "c:\python26\lib\site-packages\twisted\python\threadpool.py", line 207, i
n _worker
result = context.call(ctx, function, *args, **kwargs)
File "c:\python26\lib\site-packages\twisted\python\context.py", line 118, in c
allWithContext
return self.currentContext().callWithContext(ctx, func, *args, **kw)
File "c:\python26\lib\site-packages\twisted\python\context.py", line 81, in ca
llWithContext
return func(*args,**kw)
File "c:\python26\lib\site-packages\twisted\enterprise\adbapi.py", line 448, i
n _runInteraction
result = interaction(trans, *args, **kw)
File "c:\python26\lib\site-packages\twisted\enterprise\adbapi.py", line 462, i
n _runQuery
trans.execute(*args, **kw)
sqlite3.ProgrammingError: Incorrect number of bindings supplied. The current sta
tement uses 1, and there are 2 supplied.
Thanks.
Consider the API documentation for runQuery. Next, consider the difference between these three function calls:
c = a, b
f(a, b)
f((a, b))
f(c)
Finally, don't paraphrase error messages. Always quote them verbatim. Copy/paste whenever possible; make a note when you've manually transcribed them.
I am using qt's undo framework , which use qundocommand to do some application support undo.
Is there an easy way I can use to save those qundocommand to a file and reload it?
There's no built-in way. I don't think it's very common to save the undo stack between sessions. You'll have to serialize the commands yourself by iterating through the commands on the stack, and saving each one's unique data using QDataStream. It might look something like this:
...
dataStream << undoStack->count(); // store number of commands
for (int i = 0; i < undoStack->count(); i++)
{
// store each command's unique information
dataStream << undoStack->command(i)->someMemberVariable;
}
...
Then you would use QDataStream again to deserialize the data back into QUndoCommands.
You can use QFile to handle the file management.
Use Qt's serialization as described here:
Serialization with Qt
Then within your QUndoCommands you can use a temp file to write the data to it:
http://qt-project.org/doc/qt-4.8/qtemporaryfile.html
However this might cause you an issue since each file is kept open and so on some platforms (Linux) you may run out of open file handles.
To combat this you'd have to create some other factory type object which handles your commands - then this could pass in a reference to a QTemporaryFile automatically. This factory/QUndoCommand care taker object must have the same life time as the QUndoCommands. If not then the temp file will be removed from disk and your QUndoCommands will break.
The other thing you can do is use QUndoCommand as a proxy to your real undo command - this means you can save quite a bit of memory since when your undo command is saved to file you can delete the internal pointer/set it to null. Then restore it later.
Here's a PyQt solution for serializing/pickling QUndoCommands. The tricky part was getting the parent to call __init__ first, then the children. This method relies on all the children's __setstate__ to be called before the parent's, which happens upon pickling as children are returned in the parent's __getstate__.
class UndoCommand(QUndoCommand):
"""
For pickling
"""
def __init__(self, text, parent=None):
QUndoCommand.__init__(self, text, parent)
self.__parent = parent
self.__initialized = True
# defined and initialized in __setstate__
# self.__child_states = {}
def __getstate__(self):
return {
**{k: v for k, v in self.__dict__.items()},
'_UndoCommand__initialized': False,
'_UndoCommand__text': self.text(),
'_UndoCommand__children':
[self.child(i) for i in range(self.childCount())]
}
def __setstate__(self, state):
if hasattr(self, '_UndoCommand__initialized') and \
self.__initialized:
return
text = state['_UndoCommand__text']
parent = state['_UndoCommand__parent'] # type: UndoCommand
if parent is not None and \
(not hasattr(parent, '_UndoCommand__initialized') or
not parent.__initialized):
# will be initialized in parent's __setstate__
if not hasattr(parent, '_UndoCommand__child_states'):
setattr(parent, '_UndoCommand__child_states', {})
parent.__child_states[self] = state
return
# init must be called on unpickle-time to recreate Qt object
UndoCommand.__init__(self, text, parent)
for child in state['_UndoCommand__children']:
child.__setstate__(self.__child_states[child])
self.__dict__ = {k: v for k, v in state.items()}
#staticmethod
def from_QUndoCommand(qc: QUndoCommand, parent=None):
if type(qc) == QUndoCommand:
qc.__class__ = UndoCommand
qc.__initialized = True
qc.__parent = parent
children = [qc.child(i) for i in range(qc.childCount())]
for child in children:
UndoCommand.from_QUndoCommand(child, parent=qc)
return qc