I was checking out some of Amazon's CSS and noticed they have HTML commented out a chunk of CSS. I know there is conditional formatting for Internet Explorer with HTML comments, but I am viewing this in Chrome. What is the purpose of it?
Oh, I should note that these styles are actually being applied.
<!-- BeginNav -->
<style type="text/css">
<!--
.nav-sprite {
background-image: url(http://g-ecx.images-amazon.com/images/G/01/gno/beacon/BeaconSprite-US-01._V141013396_.png);
}
.nav_pop_h {
background-image: url(http://g-ecx.images-amazon.com/images/G/01/gno/beacon/nav-pop-h._V155853593_.png);
}
.nav_pop_v {
background-image: url(http://g-ecx.images-amazon.com/images/G/01/gno/beacon/nav-pop-v._V155853593_.png);
}
.nav_ie6 .nav_pop_h {
background-image: url(http://g-ecx.images-amazon.com/images/G/01/gno/beacon/nav-pop-8bit-h._V155961234_.png);
}
.nav_ie6 .nav_pop_v {
background-image: url(http://g-ecx.images-amazon.com/images/G/01/gno/beacon/nav-pop-8bit-v._V155961234_.png);
}
.nav-ajax-loading .nav-ajax-message {
background: center center url(http://g-ecx.images-amazon.com/images/G/01/javascripts/lib/popover/images/snake._V192571611_.gif) no-repeat;
}
-->
</style>
It's created by someone who thought that visitors of the site use a browser which does not recognise <style> tags.
(Ancient) browsers, which do not recognise <style> tags, will not show "weird" characters (CSS rules) because of the HTML comments.
Most browsers recognise the <style> tag, so the developer seems to use <!-- --> out of (bad) habit. It should not be used.
Let's remember that not only browsers interpret HTML. E-mail clients also do this, and some of them use old engines or very strange rules.
Generally, this is some type of trick which is used when creating a template for HTML e-mails, so that if the e-mail is opened on the client who does not correctly interpret the <style> tag then the client should not display CSS styles in the body of the message. And more modern clients should interpret styles correctly, because <! - -> is not a comment for CSS, but only an incomprehensible syntax that should be ignored by the CSS parser.
In this situation, it can only be legitimatize only if we want to include CSS rules for Media Queries in the <style> tag. Otherwise, in the e-mail templates when we use ordinary styles, recommended is using the inline CSS styles.
Related
I have a huge issue specifically with the browser version of Outlook (webmail) when sending emails.
All the solutions that worked in the past are no longer viable in 2022:
[owa] .foo {
background-color: red !important;
}
[class="x_foo"] {
background-color: red !important;
}
I have also tried all kinds of conditional tags, but they just don't work in browser either:
<!--[if mso]>
<style>
.example-class {
/* Outlook-specific CSS goes here. */
}
</style>
<![endif]-->
Is there any known hack to target Outlook in the browsers in 2022 (Outlook.com)?
Outlook.com webmail can be targeted like so:
[class~="x_your-class-name"] {
/* Replace this comment with your styles */
}
According to "How to target email" https://howtotarget.email/
Outlook.com prefixes class names with x_ but doesn’t do this on
attribute selectors. So can be targeted
with [class="x_your-class-name"] and it’ll only apply to Outlook.
There are other issues specific to Outlook webmail, so be sure to check this common one out first: Outlook stripping styles from <head>
I am designing an HTML email and I've made it look as good as I can in the email clients I have tested. I'm checking it now it Outlook.com and it has some issues (probably because they don't support margins) so I want to add some conditional styles for that client.
I know that Outlook.com wraps the email in a .ExternalClass class and prepends any custom classes with ecx so I tried something like
* {color:black;}
.ExternalClass * {color:red;}
.ExternalClass .ecxMyClass {color:blue;}
.ExternalClass .MyClass {color:green;}
just to see what selector would change the color of the text. I can't get any of them to work. Also I can't find where my styles are defined using an inspector like Firebug..
According to http://www.campaignmonitor.com/css/ Outlook.com should support style tags in the head or body and should be able to use classes as selectors.
Pretty much all of my styles are defined inline but I want to add padding to an element only in Outlook.com so I can't just add it inline. How do I target my custom class element in Outlook.com?
I'd strongly suggest you remove the margins from your email and use padding or empty (nbsp) table cells instead. Both are 100% supported, and as you're beginning to discover, jumping through hoops for certain clients can get really messy really quickly. Empty table cells with nbsp's in them are the best option as sometimes padding can get removed if your subscriber forwards the email to someone else.
That being said, if you want to target Outlook and not other clients, there are conditional mso tags that can be used.
Not sure if it works for Outlook.com, but give this a try:
<!--[if gte mso 15]><!-->
// This will only be seen by Outlook 2013
<![endif]-->
CSS is a different ball game for Outlook. As I'm sure you've come across in coding for email, there are severe limitations and it's often better to scale back your expectations than try and make something work.
Here is a link to what CSS styles will work for various email clients
http://www.campaignmonitor.com/css/
Outlook.com will eat conditional comments, so none of the above will work properly.
See this thread for details of an alternate approach.
The mso tags doesn't work anymore apparently, try this css hack instead
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style type="text/css">
/* This will be specific to outlook.com */
span[class~=x_outlook] {
color: #26d0ae;
}
/* This styling will work on the mobile apps of Microsoft Outlook (both ios and android) */
body[data-outlook-cycle] .outlook {
color: #26d0ae;
}
</style>
</head>
<body class="body">
Neutral
<span class="outlook">
This span is a chameleon
</span>
</body>
</html>
I'm working on a web page in Google Chrome. It displays correctly with the following styles.
table {
display: table;
border-collapse: separate;
border-spacing: 2px;
border-color: gray;
}
It is important to note that I didn't define these styles. In Chrome developer tools, it says user agent stylesheet in place of the CSS file name.
Now if I submit a form and some validation error occurs, I get the following stylesheet:
table {
white-space: normal;
line-height: normal;
font-weight: normal;
font-size: medium;
font-variant: normal;
font-style: normal;
color: -webkit-text;
text-align: -webkit-auto;
}
table {
display: table;
border-collapse: separate;
border-spacing: 2px;
border-color: gray;
}
The font-size from these new styles is disturbing my design. Is there a way to force my stylesheets and if possible, completely overwrite Chrome's default stylesheet?
What are the target browsers? Different browsers set different default CSS rules. Try including a CSS reset, such as the meyerweb CSS reset or normalize.css, to remove those defaults. Google "CSS reset vs normalize" to see the differences.
If <!DOCTYPE> is missing in your HTML content you may experience that the browser gives preference to the "user agent stylesheet" over your custom stylesheet. Adding the doctype fixes this.
Regarding the concept “user agent style sheet”, consult section Cascade in the CSS 2.1 spec.
User agent style sheets are overridden by anything that you set in your own style sheet. They are just the rock bottom: in the absence of any style sheets provided by the page or by the user, the browser still has to render the content somehow, and the user agent style sheet just describes this.
So if you think you have a problem with a user agent style sheet, then you really have a problem with your markup, or your style sheet, or both (about which you wrote nothing).
Marking the document as HTML5 by the proper doctype on the first line, solved my issue.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>...
A user agent style sheet is a ”default style sheet” provided by the browser (e.g., Chrome, Firefox, Edge, etc.) in order to present the page in a way that satisfies ”general presentation expectations.” For example, a default style sheet would provide base styles for things like font size, borders, and spacing between elements.
It is also common to use a CSS Reset to normalize or remove inconsistencies between browsers due to differences between which base styles are applied by each browser.
From the specification...
A user agent's default style sheet should present the elements of the document language in ways that satisfy general presentation expectations for the document language. ~ The Cascade.
For more information about user agents in general, see user agent.
Answering the question in title, what is the user agent stylesheet, the set of default styles in the browser: Here are some of them:
Chromium (Chrome): https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/third_party/+/master/blink/renderer/core/html/resources/html.css
WebKit (Safari): https://trac.webkit.org/browser/trunk/Source/WebCore/css/html.css
Gecko (Firefox): https://searchfox.org/mozilla-central/source/layout/style/res/html.css
Serenity: https://github.com/SerenityOS/serenity/blob/master/Userland/Libraries/LibWeb/CSS/Default.css#L4
Mozilla Servo: https://github.com/servo/servo/blob/master/resources/user-agent.css#L9
Personal opinion: Don't fight with them. They have good default values, for example, in rtl/bidi cases and are consistent nowadays. Reset what you see irrelevant to you, not all of them at once.
Define the values that you don't want to be used from Chrome's user agent style in your own CSS content.
Some browsers use their own way to read .css files.
So the right way to beat this:
If you type the command line directly in the .html source code, this beats the .css file, in that way, you told the browser directly what to do and the browser is at position not to read the commands from the .css file.
Remember that the commands writen in the .html file is stronger than the command in the .css.
I had the same problem as one of my <div>'s had the margin set by the browser. It was quite annoying but then I figured out as most of the people said, it's a markup error.
I went back and checked my <head> section and my CSS link was like below:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="ex.css">
I included type in it and made it like below:
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="ex.css">
My problem was solved.
I just wanted to expand on the response from #BenM based on what I read here from Ire Aderinokun. Because the user-agent stylesheet provides helpful default styling, think twice before overriding it.
I had a dumb error where a button element didn't look right in Chrome. I had partially styled it because I didn't want it to look like a traditional button. However, I left out style elements like border, border-color, etc. So Chrome was stepping in to supply the parts that it thought I was missing.
The problem went away once I added styles like border: none, etc.
So if anyone else is having this problem, make sure you are explicitly overriding all the applicable default user-agent styles for an element if you notice it looks wonky, especially if you don't want to reset the user agent styles completely. It worked for me.
Each browser provides a default stylesheet, called the user agent stylesheet, in case an HTML file does not specify one. Styles that you specify override the defaults.
Because you have not specified values for the table element’s box, the default styles have been applied.
I ran into this same issue, it was because I was working with non-semantic html
<!--incorrect-->
<ul class="my-custom-font">
<button>
<a>user agent styles applied instead of my-custom-font</a>
<button>
</ul>
<!--correct-->
<ul class="my-custom-font">
<li>
<a>now inherits from from my-custom-font</a>
</li>
</ul>
Once the HTML was updated, styles were applied correctly
Every browser will have a rendering engine responsible for converting HTML document to web page.
The rendering engine will have a stylesheet of its own for all the HTML elements, a kind of default stylesheet for all the HTML elements and this stylesheet is called user agent stylesheet.
The rules of user agent stylesheet can be overwritten by author stylesheet.
The rendering engine for google chrome browser is called 𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐤. And if you look through its source code you will be able to find the default stylesheet.
check this https://www.linkedin.com/posts/smruti-sagar-pattanaik-a3a000195_html-css-chrome-activity-7027888128115847168-USil?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop
I have a solution. Check this:
Error
<link href="assets/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="text/css" type="stylesheet">
Correct
<link href="assets/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
Put the following code in your CSS file:
table {
font-size: inherit;
}
I am using html5, css, jquery mobile to develop some application. But the html elements and css are overridden by jquery-mobile default style sheet (jquery.mobile-1.0.css).
How can i overcome this problem? I just want to use my style to my page. For example If I give bgcolor="red" in body tag, it will not work..
Please give me some suggestions....
Thanking you....
Use CSS and if necessary mark attributes as !important.
body { background-color: #f00; }
If that doesn't work, e.g. because another selector from the jQuery Mobile CSS overrides it, use !important:
body { background-color: #f00 !important; }
The precedence rules are explained here: http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/cascade.html#specificity - however, usually simply testing if your rule already works or if it needs !important is sufficient.
What you certainly should do is including your stylesheet after the jQuery mobile CSS. This gives equally-weighted rules in your stylesheet a higher priority even without !important.
Instead of including your style.css at first, load that at last
like
<link href="query.mobile-1.0.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
bgcolor="red" is not CSS but an HTML attribute.
Alter your website to load your custom CSS file after the jQuery mobile CSS. In your custom CSS file declare your styles, e.g. like:
body { background-color: #f00; }
JQuery Mobile creates sub classes of the body style so to target the body background you need to be more specific.
Add adjustments to you CSS file which is declared after the JQM CSS file.
You can target each theme body background by using the following:
.ui-body-a,
.ui-overlay-a {
/* green 4FFF19 ellipse */
background-image: -webkit-gradient(radial, center center, 0, center center, 497, color-stop(0, #4FFF19), color-stop(1, #264C73));
/* Webkit (Chrome 11+) */
}
This targets theme a for example. That took a bit of sweat to learn.
By using this, you are able to create radial gradiented backgrounds etc which the JQM theme roller does not provide for, a good page to create the CSS for various radial gradients is microsoft page of all places: http://ie.microsoft.com/testdrive/graphics/cssgradientbackgroundmaker/default.html.
Good Luck.
Is there a way to add special characters ♦ through CSS styles if so can you show an example that works on most browsers?
No, it is not possible, as such.
When using :after { content: }, you cannot specify HTML tags nor entities in the content string. You can, however, specify the symbols directly. (This is because the content string is not parsed as XML/HTML, but as plain text, and is inserted verbatim.)
In other words: a:after { content: "<" } will yield the equivalent visual to Some Link<.
a:after { content: "♦" }; will work perfectly, tho'.
You can use the :after and :before pseudoelements, however they are not supported by all browsers, have a look at
http://www.w3schools.com/css/pr_pseudo_after.asp
http://www.w3schools.com/css/pr_pseudo_before.asp
You should always avoid using CSS content because it's wrong to mix presentation with content of the page.
Additionally, CSS content is not supported by some browsers, i.e. by IE6 and IE7.
If I wanted to do it, I'd use CSS to attach background image and add some HTML element around the word:
<style type="text/css">
abbr { padding-right:20px;
background:url("http://img690.imageshack.us/img690/2005/blackdiamond.png") right no-repeat; }
</style>
<abbr>Something</abbr> very very Important goes here.
Result:
The only problem is - if I can modify the HTML to wrap my word with <span> or <abbr> or any other HTML element I could probably just wrtite ♦ in the code itself... your call.