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On Android, whenever an IPv6 address is assigned to an interface, the kernel would automatically add a default multicast route (ff00::/8) through that interface to the routing table. These routes seem to conflict (same metric) and cannot be deleted. What is the purpose of these routes?
ip -6 route
ff00::/8 dev eth0 metric 256
ff00::/8 dev v0 metric 256
The same metric is a hint that actually it is the same adapter and eth0 and v0 are only separate interfaces on that adapter. In other words a broadcast on one is the same as a broadcast on the other.
IPv6 no longer supports broadcast and applications must now use multicast.
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This shows a network of 3 workstations and a router. below is the routing table of PC 1
If PC1 sends a packet to PC 2. How would it get to the destination?
As I have understood PC1 would refer its routing table, and broadcast the packet.For that which entry in the routing table would it make use of?
It's the third entry in your routing table: 172.16.18.0/24 is routed through 172.16.18.1 which is local network interface. Thus the OS knows that packets to this network should be delivered through this interface.
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Can anyone explain how announcing in BGP works? I understand BGP finds the shortest/lowest-cost path to a destination network, but I also read somewhere that it announces these paths. Is that true, and how exactly does it announce a route?
BGP is Exterior Gateway Protocol and it is used in the network Borders between Autonomous systems , announcing network work like this example :
for example we have 3 Autonomous systems A,B
A have those tow networks 1.1.1.0/24 and 2.2.2.0/24
B have those tow network 3.3.3.0/24 and 4.4.4.0/24
so Edge router in A directly connected to Edge router in B and running BGP , every router announce (or advertise) which internal networks it have ( or want to publish) so now A routers know that there is 3.3.3.0/24 and 4.4.4.0/24 networks and they are reachable via Edge router of B and same with B networks
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What solution do you think of following situation :-
Switch X, is connected to router A and router B. Where both routers are for internet connection.
Router A has DHCP running and have ip on lan 192.168.1.1/24.
Router B has DHCP running and have ip on lan 192.168.100.1/24.
Though these two are on same physical network, but logically are on different LANs.
Now let's call these LAN-1 and LAN-2 respectively.
How can one computer on LAN-1 connect to other computer on LAN-2.
You have to provide routing from LAN-1 to LAN-2 for interconnecting 2 networks.
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MAC address are used for uniquely identifying my computer.
IP address are used for routing the packets to the network, as it has got a hierarchial structure, but it doesn't uniquely identifies a computer. So, after IPv6, each computer will have a unique IP address, so will there be any need of MAC address then?
Please do correct me, if I had understood something wrong.
No. MAC addresses operate at layer 2 ("data link layer"). The Internet Protocol (both IPv4 and IPv6) operates at layer 3 ("network layer").
These two layers are complimentary, and do not "replace" each other. For more information, read up on the TCP/IP suite.
IPv6 stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC) uses the MAC address to generate the address, but that does not mean they "replace" each other. It's simply a characteristic of the layer 2 interface being inherited by the layer 3 addressing. Other than that, completely complimentary.
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I have the knowledge to do subnetingmath, but I confused what device that is used to separate each subnet from other ones? who will route packets to the right subnetwork destination? If it is the router, do we need an interface per each subnetwork?
It is the router the one in charge of routing the packets to the right subnetworks. You need to assign each subnetwork to a different interface, but this does not necessarily mean physical interfaces. You can use virtual interfaces as well.
Here's a Cisco link about them:
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/ios/12_4/interface/configuration/guide/inb_virt.html
If you have multiple internal subnets, the industry standard is to create sub-interfaces and encapsulate as a DOT1Q trunk between the router and the switch.
Example R1
Interfaces:
S0/0/0 - used for WAN
Fa0/1 -physical internal interface
Fa0/1.100 Data VLAN (sub-interface)
Fa0/1.200 Voice VLAN (sub-interface)
Switch. Will have VLANs 100 and 200 on it and the trunk port will be configured as encapsulation DOT1Q. With these commands.
"switchport mode trunk"
"switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q"
I have literally done this thousands of times. Don't waste money on separate router interfaces for internal subnets.
Hope this helps.