I am a CSS newbie. I am just wondering, is that possible to include one common class into another class?
for example,
.center {align: center};
.content { include .center here};
I came across css framework - Blueprint. We need to put the position information into HTML, e.g.
<div class="span-4"><div class="span-24 last">
As such, we will place the positioning attribute inside html, instead of css. If we change the layout, we need to change html, instead of css.
That's the reason I ask this question. If I can include .span-4 into my own css, i won't have to specify it in my html tag.
Bizarrely, even though CSS talks about inheritance, classes can't "inherit" in this way. The best you can really do is this:
.center, .content { align: center; }
.content { /* ... */ }
Also I'd strongly suggest you not do "naked" class selectors like this. Use ID or tag in addition to class where possible:
div.center, div.content { align: center; }
div.content { /* ... */ }
I say this because if you do your selectors as broad as possible it ends up becoming unmanageable (in my experience) once you get large stylesheets. You end up with unintended selectors interacting with each other to the point where you create a new class (like .center2) because changing the original will affect all sorts of things you don't want.
In standard CSS, it's not possible to do this, though it would be nice.
For something like that you'd need to use SASS or similar, which "compiles" to CSS.
This is where the Cascading in Cascading Style Sheets comes in to play.
Think of your html element or widget/module (group of nested html elements) as an object. You know you're going to have objects that share the same properties so you'll want to create a reusable class they can utilize.
.baseModule {align: center;}
Say your module is a message (error, flash...). So you "extend" or "include" your .baseModule class because all messages will be center aligned (see final html example).
.message {border: 1px solid #555;}
Furthermore you want your error messages to have a red background. Additionally you can overwrite the border property from .baseModule.message here if you wanted it to be a different color or something.
.error {background-color: red;}
So now you have a few css definitions that can be reused with ease.
<!-- Regular message module -->
<p class="baseModule message">
I am a regular message.
</p>
<!-- Error message module -->
<p class="baseModule message error">
I am an error message. My background color is red.
</p>
To relate this to your question you'd basically leverage multiple class names for maximum reusability. Granted ie6 doesn't support chained selectors (class1.class2.class3), but it's still a neat trick!
Related
Well I'm watching videos about oop css with bem. I didn't understand one thing. I have a media object and I use it everywhere like in navbar and content and footer etc. So how shall I change the media object and insiders. I guess 3 ways there are.
1 - I can catch inside other blocks grandchild chooser
it will like ".navbar .media".
This way makes me worrying because of grandchildren is making slow and complicated I think. Don't think about only .media. I have to select media-item etc etc...
2 - I can give another class to .media like .navbar together
it will like ".navbar.media".
This way need more classes to html so it makes me thinking.
3 - I guess there is no third option if there is please let me know :) Which way I shall do.
Thank you already.
You should add an extra class, navbar__media (that's a double underscore for descendant), and add that to the media elements inside of the navbar.
A rule of BEM/OOP CSS is that an element should always have their style defined by the classes they have, and not based on where they are in the DOM.
For reference: http://getbem.com/naming/
Example:
<div class="navbar">
<div class="media navbar__media"></div>
</div>
<div class="media"></div>
With this css:
.navbar {
background: #00f;
}
.media {
background: #f00;
}
.navbar__media {
background: #0f0;
}
I'm trying to make a very basic HTML/CSS/JS widget, but I'm having some problems with the CSS layer. It seems that I can't write selectors that work, and it's becoming very aggravating. In particular, I'm trying to override the font-size setting inherited from the body css selector for the widget. My HTML (actually, it's Hamlet) is:
<div class="container">
<div id="flashcard-container">
<div class="span6 offset3 well flashcard">
<div class="front">
<p class="flashcard">This is the front of the card.
and my CSS file says:
.flashcard p {
font-size: 24px;
}
div .back {
display: none;
}
Actually, I have a problem with both selectors. In particular, the first one just does not work to match the xml structure. The second one seems sub-optimal. Why should I need to specify that I'm talking about a div at all? I just want to quantify over backs, whatever tag they are.
I realize this is extremely basic, but I think that between this and some Chrome bugs with 3d transitions, I got myself extremely confused. It has been many years since I've dealt with the front-end. :(
If you wish to target a node with a class attached, the syntax is
elementname.classname {...}
(although OOCSS fanatics will suggest just using .classname and making your CSS structurally agnostic).
I am not sure what you mean by 'quantifying over backs', but if you simply want to target an element with a 'back' class, you can target it as so:
.back {...}
Though it might be best to contain the styles as 'back' is a rather generic class name:
.flashcard .back {...}
Try this:
p.flashcard { ... }
div.back { ... }
Actually I can't see a div with back class in your code.
You may as well use just .flashcard and .back. Specifying div or p just narrow the choice. If you specify .flashcard it will be applied both to, say, or .
But if you write
.flashcard p { ... }
It means that you chose all descendants of .flashcard, like:
<div class="flashcard">
<p>...</p>
</div>
This is such a simple issue but I can't seem to find an exact answer anywhere...
Simply, can I declare attributes on a selector in two different places without overwriting the first attribute declaration?
For example, say I declare an attribute to an element within a CSS file loaded into a page:
.x {margin:2px;}
I then want to declare another attribute within the page dynamically:
.x {padding:2px;}
while keeping the CSS file attributes.
While I appreciate that there are plenty of other ways of doing this, is it correct to do it this way ?
This is fine. You can put declarations is as many different places as you like.
You can, yes. First off, the styles declared in the CSS file included on the page will be applied, then any other styles specified ad-hoc on the page will be applied on top of that.
That will work. Since CSS cascades it will inherit the styles as they go and add them to that class. That's why some sites change as the page loads.
First, to declare a paragraph tag, you wouldn't put a period before it. It should be:
p {padding:2px;}
Secondly, CSS is a cascading style sheet, therefore you can open an element declaration however many times you want. The style properties within it will take the last stated object. IE:
p {padding:2px; border:1px solid #000;}
and then later
p {padding:5px;}
Padding is now 5 px but it retains it's 1px border.
THAT IS BAD PRACTICE!!! I would sugest you to create "switch" class which will change some css attributes, rather than dinamicaly inject it later on the page. So later use it by adding it to element or remove
<style>
.p { margin:2px; }
.addition { padding: 2px; }
</style>
<p class="p">.....</p>
to switch to new style either with jquery on some ajax call or what ever you need.
<p class="p addition">....</p>
to switch off padding just remove "addition" class or "p" class if you want to switch off maring.
Cascading Style Sheets will inherit the styles and what you are doing is totally fine from a specification point of view but might not be considered best practice.
Also be aware of, that if you start overriding other styles the css hierarchy may apply: External > Internal > Inline.
for more information see http://nzwhost.com/article/understanding-css-hierarchy
I think the best way to do it is separate CSS declarations by logic.. layout together, colors together and specific medias (like screen, print) together.
If you want to make it to do it dynamically you can do something like that:
NOTE:
This is a PHP example.
<?php $back = 'image.jpg';
**something else can be executed ie conditionals and
more variables can be added**)
?>
<html>
<head>
<style type="text/css">
btn{
margin:0;
padding:0;
background-image: <?php $back; ?>
height:100px;
width:200px;
display:block;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<div class="btn">Test text</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
You can add the predeclared variables or sets of the variables into CSS code using PHP. Note that CSS needs to be included in the HTML/PHP file you are working on. Lets say you want to randomly generate the background colour. PHP array (of ie '#CCC') > select values from the array randomly > add the variable into the CSS code. #
In your case you can specify two classes and then select one according to the condition in your dynamic code
In designing the HTML and CSS for a page, when should I use
img.className
versus
.className
versus
#idName
or some other variant?
Are there guidelines or recommendations?
Summary from answers
Thank you to all answerers - there is some excellent stuff here!
make CSS as specific as possible
use an OO approach
order: #id, tag, tag.className, .className
when to use each selector, also class/ID comparison
give selectors names based on purpose, not what they look like
use advanced selectors for smaller code, leave CSS classes for exceptions/overrides only
manage ASP.NET munging ID
In general you should be as specific as the item demands.
There is no general rule, it depends on the style in question.
A lot of people will recommend you keep to the lowest specificity with the theory that this allows the maximum cascading reuse but this is absolutely toxic in real world situations where you have multiple developers all working on slightly different versions of what a .foo might look like. Pollution from inheritance you did not want leads to massive bloat in trying to undo that locally or time-loss in refactoring.
The best guideline I always offer is to try and think of CSS in OO terms: class selectors map to interfaces more or less, tags map to classes, and ID selectors map to instances. Consequently decide if the style you want to apply really applies to that thing, all things like it, or anything which wants it.
I also strongly encourage you to make use of high level IDs on wrapper elements so you can write selectors in a namespace like fashion (i.e. #foo .bar, #foo .baz where #foo is unique to a page or set of page designs) which allows you both a level of specificity which reduces cross-design pollution and a level of generality which lets you make the most of cascading CSS reuse.
Best of both worlds.
It depends on the intended semantics, and, as others said, be as specific as possible.
#idName for unique elements on the page. Good examples are #header and #footer
TAGNAME for general purpose page styling.
TAG.classname and .classname for exceptions/overrides to the above rules.
And don't forget the use of advanced selectors. A bad example:
<style>
H1{ font-size: 200%; color: #008; }
#mainMenu { color: #800; }
.in_the_menu { color: #800; font-size: 150%; }
</style>
<h1>Hello World!</h1>
<div id="mainMenu">
<h1 class="in_the_menu">My Menu</h1>
</div>
The same could have been achieved with:
<style>
H1{ font-size: 200%; color: #008; }
#mainMenu { color: #800; }
#mainMenu H1 { color: #800; font-size: 150%; }
</style>
<h1>Hello World!</h1>
<div id="mainMenu">
<h1>My Menu</h1>
</div>
The second example gets rid of the superflous "class" attribute on the H1 element in the "mainMenu" div. This has two important benefits:
The HTML code is smaller and cleaner
You are less likely to forget to add the class attribute
If you take good care of you CSS, and make use of proper advanced selectors, you can nearly completely leave out CSS classes. And keep them only for exceptions/overrides.
Take this example which draws boxes with headers:
#content H2{
border: 1px solid #008789;
padding: 0em 1em;
margin: 0.2em 0em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
font-size: 100%;
background: #cccb79
}
#content H2 + DIV{
margin-top: -1em;
border-left: 1px solid #008789;
border-right: 1px solid #008789;
border-bottom: 1px solid #008789;
margin-bottom: 1em;
}
Now, as soon as you follow a H2 with a DIV in the #content element, you have a nice box. other DIVs and H2s are left alone:
<div id="content">
<h2>Hello Box!</h2>
<div>Some text</div>
<div>Some more text</div>
<div>Some more text</div>
<h2>And another title</h2>
</div>
If you get these rules right, you hardly ever need classes, and can work with IDs and TAG names alone. And as an added bonus, your HTML will be a lot nicer to read and maintain.
You preference should be, in order from highest to lowest:
id
tag
tag.className
.className
ID selectors are fast. Tag selectors are reasonably fast. Pure class selectors are slow because the browser essentially has to interrogate every element and see if each has that class. Getting elements by ID or tag name are "native" operations from a browser's context.
Also, I find it good practice to make your CSS selectors as restrictive as possible otherwise it just turns into a mess and you end up getting all sorts of unintended consequences where CSS rules apply where you didn't otherwise expect, which often forces you to create a similar yet different selector just so none of the rules regarding the first don't apply (translating into more mess).
Basically if you know if you only use a class on div elements then do this
div.className
not
.className
If you apply a class to several elements just list them:
h1.selected, h2.selected, h3.selected
instead of
.selected
In practice I find very few situations where you need to use "naked" class selectors or where it is advisable to do so.
you should use the selector best describing your rules
id: when you want to select one single element
.classname: when you want to style elements regardless of their tag
tag.classname: when you want to style only tags with the given class
tag tag tag: when you want to style all subelements of a tag
Class selectors
.className
This is to be used when you have more than one element on the page that you would like to apply the same style to. It can be to any tag element. So in the following all will use the same style as set out by the .className.
<p class="className"></p>
<img src="/path/to/image.png" class="className" />
But you can also restrict it like so:
img.className
By placing the tag along with the style definition, you're saying that this style is only to be used when it's the class used by that particular tag, in this case, an image.
HTML code will look like this:
<img src="/path/to/image.png" class="className" />
If you have other elements on the page using the same class style, but are not of the same tag, then the styles set out in this will not be applied and they will take on the more generic version as mentioned in the first example.
So repeating the example above:
<p class="className"></p>
<img src="/path/to/image.png" class="className" />
Only the image will take on the style as set out by img.className whereas all the rest will take on the style rules set in .className.
ID selectors
#idName
This is to be used when there is only one instance of a particular element that you wish to apply the style to.
You can also force it to apply only in certain tag conditions as you have earlier with the class definitions.
p#idName
This example will only apply to the paragraph block marked with the ID:
<p id="idName">
If you were to put that id on another element, like this:
<div id="idName"></div>
Then it will not take on the style set out and be ignored.
As to your two first selectors, the first of the two will overwrite the second, as it's more specific. You can calculate the specificity of a selector.
One thing worth noting is that some server side scripting technologies (most notably ASP.NET) don't play well with using IDs for your styling. If there is a chance your design will be used with such a technology, I recommend forgetting about #id selectors and use tag.className instead.
The reason is that ASP.NET actually changes the ID that ends up in the HTML based on a number of criteria, if the tag is output by a server side control.
I know this is a pretty old question but for all those who are reading this just now...
There are 4 categories of rules in general:
ID Rules, Class Rules, Tag Rules, Universal Rules.
And it's important to mention that class selectors are faster than tag selectors. So you should always use them in the following order
1. ID Selector
2. Class Selector
3. Tag Selector
4. Universal Selectors
In your case you should never use the tag name before class name.
You can find more information here: Writing efficient CSS
It really depends on the situation:
.error{
color:red;
}
p.error{
background-color:yellow;
}
div.error{
background-color:grey;
}
Always use the cascading effect of CSS to your advantage.
It's good practise to use the least specific rules you can for each rule.
How you structure your CSS will depend on the particular needs of the design.
Yes. You may want to use the same classname for two elements in the future. Be explicit and clear. This will also prevent class-rules from overlapping onto unintended elements.
h1.title { font-size:18px; } /* My h1's are big */
p.title { font-size:16px; } /* My p's are smaller */
.title { color:#336699; } /* All titles are blue */
Use ID's only when necessary, and only once per page.
When to use what depends on what you want to select. img.className (type selector + class selector) selects only IMG elements that’s in the class “className” while .className (just class selector) selects any element that’s in that class and #idName (id selector) any element with the ID “idName”.
But besides that, the selector all have a differente specificity that affects the order in which the properties of that rules overwrite the one of others.
So if you have an IMG element with the ID “idName” that’s in the class “className”:
<img src="…" id="idName" class="className">
The properties of the rules would be applied in the following order (specificity from highest to lowest):
#idName
img.className
.className
But when you use a specific class only for one specific type of elements (e.g. “className” only for IMG element), you can go with only .className.
How does one go about establishing a CSS 'schema', or hierarchy, of general element styles, nested element styles, and classed element styles. For a rank novice like me, the amount of information in stylesheets I view is completely overwhelming. What process does one follow in creating a well factored stylesheet or sheets, compared to inline style attributes?
I'm a big fan of naming my CSS classes by their contents or content types, for example a <ul> containing navigational "tabs" would have class="tabs". A header containing a date could be class="date" or an ordered list containing a top 10 list could have class="chart". Similarly, for IDs, one could give the page footer id="footer" or the logo of the website id="mainLogo". I find that it not only makes classes easy to remember but also encourages proper cascading of the CSS. Things like ol.chart {font-weight: bold; color: blue;} #footer ol.chart {color: green;} are quite readable and takes into account how CSS selectors gain weight by being more specific.
Proper indenting is also a great help. Your CSS is likely to grow quite a lot unless you want to refactor your HTML templates evertime you add a new section to your site or want to publish a new type of content. However hard you try you will inevitably have to add a few new rules (or exceptions) that you didn't anticipate in your original schema. Indeting will allow you to scan a large CSS file a lot quicker. My personal preference is to indent on how specific and/or nested the selector is, something like this:
ul.tabs {
list-style-type: none;
}
ul.tabs li {
float: left;
}
ul.tabs li img {
border: none;
}
That way the "parent" is always furthest to the left and so the text gets broken up into blocks by parent containers. I also like to split the stylesheet into a few sections; first comes all the selectors for HTML elements. I consider these so generic that they should come first really. Here I put "body { font-size: 77%; }" and "a { color: #FFCC00; }" etc. After that I would put selectors for the main framework parts of the page, for instance "ul#mainMenu { float: left; }" and "div#footer { height: 4em; }". Then on to common object classes, "td.price { text-align: right; }", finally followed by extra little bits like ".clear { clear: both; }". Now that's just how I like to do it - I'm sure there are better ways but it works for me.
Finally, a couple of tips:
Make best use of cascades and don't "overclass" stuff. If you give a <ul> class="textNav" then you can access its <li>s and their children without having to add any additional class assignments. ul.textNav li a:hover {}
Don't be afraid to use multiple classes on a single object. This is perfectly valid and very useful. You then have control of the CSS for groups of objects from more than one axis. Also giving the object an ID adds yet a third axis. For example:
<style>
div.box {
float: left;
border: 1px solid blue;
padding: 1em;
}
div.wide {
width: 15em;
}
div.narrow {
width: 8em;
}
div#oddOneOut {
float: right;
}
</style>
<div class="box wide">a wide box</div>
<div class="box narrow">a narrow box</div>
<div class="box wide" id="oddOneOut">an odd box</div>
Giving a class to your document <body> tag (or ID since there should only ever be one...) enables some nifty overrides for individual pages, like hilighting the menu item for the page you're currently on or getting rid of that redundant second sign-in form on the sign-in page, all using CSS only. "body.signIn div#mainMenu form.signIn { display: none; }"
I hope you find at least some of my ramblings useful and wish you the best with your projects!
There are a number of different things you can do to aid in the organisation of your CSS. For example:
Split your CSS up into multiple files. For example: have one file for layout, one for text, one for reset styles etc.
Comment your CSS code.
Why not add a table of contents?
Try using a CSS framework like 960.gs to get your started.
It's all down to personal taste really. But here are a few links that you might find useful:
http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2008/08/18/7-principles-of-clean-and-optimized-css-code/
http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2008/05/02/improving-code-readability-with-css-styleguides/
http://www.louddog.com/bloggity/2008/03/css-best-practices.php
http://natbat.net/2008/Sep/28/css-systems/
Think of the CSS as creating a 'toolkit' that the HTML can refer to. The following rules will help:
Make class names unambiguous. In most cases this means prefixing them in a predicatable way. For example, rather than left, use something like header_links_object2_left.
Use id rather than class only if you know there will only ever be one of an object on a page. Again, make the id unambiguous.
Consider side effects. Rules like margin and padding, float and clear, and so on can all have unexpected consequences on other elements.
If your stylesheet is to be used my several HTML coders, consider writing them a small, clear guide to how to write HTML to match your scheme. Keep it simple, or you'll bore them.
And as always, test it in multiple browsers, on multiple operating systems, on lots of different pages, and under any other unusual conditions you can think of.
Putting all of your CSS declarations in roughly the same order as they will land in the document hierarchy is generally a good thing. This makes it fairly easy for future readers to see what attributes will be inherited, since those classes will be higher up in the file.
Also, this is sort of orthogonal to your question, but if you are looking for a tool to help you read a CSS file and see how everything shakes out, I cannot recommend Firebug enough.
The best organizational advice I've ever received came from a presentation at An Event Apart.
Assuming you're keeping everything in a single stylesheet, there's basically five parts to it:
Reset rules (may be as simple as the
* {margin: 0; padding: 0} rule,
Eric Meyer's reset, or the YUI
reset)
Basic element styling; this
is the stuff like basic typography
for paragraphs, spacing for lists,
etc.
Universal classes; this section
for me generally contains things
like .error, .left (I'm only 80%
semantic), etc.
Universal
layout/IDs; #content, #header,
or whatever you've cut your page up
into.
Page-specific rules; if you
need to modify an existing style
just for one or a few pages, stick a
unique ID high up (body tag is
usually good) and toss your
overrides at the end of the document
I don't recommend using a CSS framework unless you need to mock something up in HTML fast. They're far too bloated, and I've never met one whose semantics made sense to me; it's much better practice to create your own "framework" as you figure out what code is shared by your projects over time.
Reading other people's code is a whole other issue, and with that I wish you the best of luck. There's some truly horrific CSS out there.
Cop-out line of the year: it depends.
How much do you need to be styling? Do you need to change the aspects of alomost every element, or is it only a few?
My favorite place to go for information like this is CSS Zen Garden & A List Apart.
There are two worlds:
The human editor perspective: Where CSS is most easily understand, when it has clear structure, good formatting, verbose names, structured into layout, color and typesetting...
The consumer perspective: The visitor is most happy if your site loades quickly, if it look perfect in his browser, so the css has to be small, in one file (to save further connections) and contain CSS hacks to support all browsers.
I recommend you to start with a CSS framework:
Blueprint if you like smaller things
or YAML for a big and functional one
There is also a list of CSS Frameworks...
And then bring it in shape (for the browser) with a CSS Optimizer (p.e. CSS Form.&Opti.)
You can measure the Results (unpotimized <-> optimized) with YSlow.
A few more tips for keeping organized:
Within each declaration, adopt an order of attributes that you stick to. For example, I usually list margins, padding, height, width, border, fonts, display/float/other, in that order, allowing for easier readability in my next tip
Write your CSS like you would any other code: indent! It's easy to scan a CSS file for high level elements and then drill down rather than simply going by source order of your HTML.
Semantic HTML with good class names can help a lot with remembering what styles apply to which elements.