I have a web application that deployed on Firebase Hosting and uses Firebase Authentication.
I also have a backend server, deployed on Google App Engine, that serve this app.
How can I get the Firebase-UID cookie in the backend server to validate the user?
I don't want to enforce the app to add the cookie content as a parameter for each request.
When I used the Google Identity Toolkit (merged into the Firebase Authentication since) it took a pretty long time to get an authentication token check done, so I didn't want to do it for each and every backend request.
So what I did was to perform it (typically) once per user session and, upon successful verification, create a unique memcache entry for the user and place its key in the user session info. So for subsequent requests for the same session I'd only check if the session info contains the memcache key and, if so, check if the corresponding memcache entry exists - a memcache key lookup is a lot faster than a token verification. The only thing needed to complete the picture is deletion of the memcache entry whenever the user logs out. If you want you can also enforce a token recheck after a certain amount of time - simply by setting the memcache entry's expiration time.
Note: the memcache entry can disappear anytime, which would require another token verification even if the user didn't log out - so multiple times per session. But in my case it was a rare enough occurrence.
How can I sign in with a different account per tab in asp.net mvc 5 and Identity?
Is there a configuration that doesn't use cookies?
This is my configuration code:
' Enable the application to use a cookie to store information for the signed in user
app.UseCookieAuthentication(New CookieAuthenticationOptions() With {.AuthenticationType = DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie, .LoginPath = New PathString("/Account/Login") _
})
' Use a cookie to temporarily store information about a user logging in with a third party login provider
app.UseExternalSignInCookie(DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ExternalCookie)
This is not possible. The web is stateless: each request is a unique snowflake, unaffected by any other request made before or after. However, since logically some sort of state needs to exist for things like authentication, sessions were created to basically fake a sense of state.
To work, sessions have a server-side and client-side component. On the server, some persistence layer is employed to store user-related data tied to a token that uniquely identifies the particular session. On the client, a cookie is set with that token. When the client makes another request, all the cookies that belong to the particular domain in play are sent along with the request back to the server, which includes the cookie with the session token if one exists. Once the server sees this cookie in the request, it uses the token to look up the session from the persistence layer and restore the state the user had during the previous request.
The point is that this process is dumb. The client blindly sends any cookies the server sets back to the server with each request. And, if the server gets a cookie with a session token it recognizes, it blindly restores the state. There's no consideration for how many tabs are in play or even what the content of the cookie is (the client doesn't know and doesn't care that the cookie is being used to manage a session, authentication, etc.).
Long and short, there's nothing you can do to force a session per tab or window. On the client-side, you can open a different browser (which would not have the cookie holding the session token) or use something like Chrome's incognito mode (which creates a sandboxed browsing experience without any previously set cookies). However, those are choices the user makes, not the website.
I have an asp.net Web Api 2 / Identity 2 application that requires a user to be authenticated. The authentication works but I notice that when I restart my local development machine and try to access a method that requires authentication then I get a failure.
As my application is unchanged from the asp.net sample then I think it uses cookies to store user data on the client. Where and how does the Server or IIS store information on which users have authenticated? Does it do this just the once or on every HTTP? Is there a difference between my using Token or cookie authentication in the way that the authentication and also authorization is checked on the server?
I think you are misunderstanding how authentication works with ASP.Net. As an example, let me show you some cookie details for a site of mine that uses Identity (note the token is actually in the cookie, the two are not mutually exclusive concepts):
Name __RequestVerificationToken
Value afeILhaIvRr56jXXXXXXXXXXX
Host site.azurewebsites.net
Path /
Expires At end of session
Note that the cookie, by default, expires at the end of your session. That means when you restart your development machine, your cookie is expired and your token is no longer valid.
In particular I have read that with token authentication then there is no need for continual re-authentication every time a request is made to the server
You need to understand that HTTP is a stateless protocol. Each request happens in a vacuum, and therefore you need to pass some data back to the server so that it can tell that the person who authenticated with Request A is really the initiator of Request B. Almost always, that piece of data is from a cookie. So, every request does indeed re-authenticate, and typically with a token in a cookie.
The only piece of data about your session that is stored on the client is the cookie (unless you are doing something atypical). The rest is on the server. How it is stored can vary:
Inproc: Easiest to setup, sessions are stored in process. So when your server or app pool is restarted, that data disappears
State Server Mode: Sessions are stored in process, but outside of the ASP.Net worker process, so the application can be restarted without losing session data
SQL Server: Unsurprisingly, this stores data in a database. Very resilient, but more work to setup. Also your best option if you are on a web farm.
ref: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/vstudio/ms178586(v=vs.100).aspx
Expanding on the great answer by Chris, I would like to add that there are two possible models here. In forms authentication (which is the default membership type for asp.net) the cookie can either store authentication information and then it's called a ticket or the information can be stored in session, with the cookie being a simple identifier for "reconnecting" the authenticated session with the requesting client on each subsequent request.
This "reconnecting" happens in the Application_AuthenticateRequest method of the global.asax. If you are using the default forms authentication storage, i.e. an SQL DB created for you by the framework, the reconnection will be done automatically. If you are using a custom authentication store (like accessing active directory yourself or a custom users table structure) you can override the the method and reconnect the authenticated session using your own implementation. In any case, the authentication data is populated in the User.Identity object's different properties. From that point, if you use the [Authorize] attribute, the framework accesses the object to check if the user is indeed authenticated and authorized.
I any case, the authentication information is tied to both the cookie and the session. Assuming your session is InProc, like Chris said, when the session is lost (through timeout, app pool recycle or restart of the dev machine) the server-side of the session is lost and your authentication / session cookie is replaced by a new one on the next request.
EDIT: Ohh... and one more side comment. Make sure you distinguish between authentication and authorization. The client is not re-authenticated on each request. Authentication is the process of providing your credentials and being identified by the server. Authorization is, now that the server has verified who you are, on each request it checks if you are authorized to access the resource you are requesting.
The server doesn't store information about who's authenticated and who isn't. Depending on your authentication mechanism (forms, tokens?), typically, when a user logs in, the server will return some form of authentication token that the client should pass back to the server on each API call.
Without knowing more about your configuration, it's difficult to explain why when you restart your server you have to re-authenticate, it sounds like the authentication token generated by the server is invalidated on restart.
Where and how does the Server or IIS store information on which users have authenticated?
IIS does not store state based on cookie authentication. Everything is determined based on the request. Either a request has the correct encrypted information, or it doesn't. If you look at a default Forms authentication in ASP.NET, you will find a cookie called .ADUAUTH ... this cookie has all the information to authenticate the request. If the cookie is half expired, it will be reset, but that's all IIS does.
Does it do this just the once or on every HTTP?
Every HTTP request is unique, so yes, per HTTP request.
Is there a difference between my using Token or cookie authentication in the way that the authentication and also authorization is checked on the server?
It's always checked on the server: To find out more, check out: How ASP.NET Security Works: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ks310b8y.ASPX
I think my answer could be a little contradicting to all of the above.. But I think If I understand right..
IIS stores inside the memory space of the ASP.NET worker process, i.e the session data in the RAM.
The storing of authentication state depends on the authentication model you are using. For example: if you are using the Federated authentication, through ADFS, then when a user loads your web page he is required to sign in providing his credentials. The ADFS then sets the authentication token which is stored in the session data, the session id is stored as cookies in user's browser. The server has the mapping of Session Id to its session data.
Now the user is authenticated. The ADFS looks for authentication token to mark a user as authenticated.
When you restart the server, the session data is lost as the data is stored in RAM.
There are ways to handle this, there are 3 types of session storage:
1. InProc (Stored in memory space of ASP .NET Worker process - RAM)
2. State Server (Stored out side of ASP .NET worker process, like on cloud Azure storage)
3. SQL Server session storage (Stored in SQL server)
I think you are adopting 1, because of which you encounter the problem.
In cases 2 and 3, the session is not lost when you restart the server.
Several things --
Token based authentication is not really authentication. It is just issuing you a unique token (can be a guid, unique string, etc) and then associating it with something (like your IP address) and saving that association server side (in a database?). Now whenever you use that token, from the client app, the server checks the association already stored and serves or denies or request.
In many ways, it is very similar to using Cookies to maintain authentication. Only, token-auth was designed more for web services operation than for UIs.
In short: Out of the box, the membership provider will run it's authentication method and upon success, it will create an auth ticket/token/cookie that will be stored from the site. In addition to this, there is a session cookie that is stored with the site as well. When you make a page request, it'll pull these things and use them to determine whether or not you are already authenticated. If it finds the ticket and sees that it is still good, it'll allow access.
When you restart your local environment, the session and it's information is destroyed which is why you have to log in again.
There is an entire pipeline in the framework that makes all of this stuff happen (having to do with authentication, authorization, and identity) and there are number of ok articles on the interwebs explaining this, but imo, they're almost all incomplete or hard to follow. If you want a great soup-to-nuts explanation, PluralSight.com has some training videos that will deconstruct and explain the entire pipeline for you. Understanding the pipeline can help you implement your own custom authentication, and I highly recommend it.
Instead of using ASP.NET MVC User's system, I'm simply using session, as the following:
When he logs in (username + password), I fetch the corresponding user from the Database and set:
Session["UserId"] = fetchedUser.UserId;
Then, I'm always checking if he is logged in:
if (Session["UserId"] != null && ...)
The problem is that if someone copies the value of ASP.NET_SessionId from a logged in user (eg: user goes to bathroom and coworker who is sitten next to him checks his cookies with chrome inspector), then he will be able to create a cookie in his computer and act as that user.
My questions are:
Why are sessions safer than cookies if the session id is saved in a cookie?
Can I make this safer (and continue using session)?
How does internally ASP.NET User authetication system do it?
A primary reason for not using Session as an authentication mechanism is that it could render your application vulnerable to Session Fixation. For example, a problem could be if a user arrived on your site using the HTTP protocol and receives a session ID that is stored in the ASP.NET_SessionId cookie. The user may later log in, and even though your login pages might be secured under HTTPS the session token has already been generated under HTTP which means it has already been transported using cleartext.
To answer your other points:
Why are sessions safer than cookies if the session id is saved in a
cookie?
The data stored in session is stored server side, so it is more difficult for an attacker to tamper with this data. All the cookie stores is a token for this data, rather than the data itself. Having said that, it is still safer to use the FormsAuthenticationProvider as this creates a new authentication token once login is complete rather than on session start for the reasons of avoiding session fixation as above.
Can I make this safer (and continue using session)? How does
internally ASP.NET User authetication system do it?
The built in provider is already fit for purpose, so it would be desirable to use that rather than fudge another mechanism to meet your requirements. It is also easily extensible so you can customise it to your needs. The ASP.NET User Authentication creates an encrypted ticket and stores it in the cookie rather than storing a reference to a server side variable: http://support.microsoft.com/kb/910443
I would also draw your attention to the signout mechanism and how to secure it. Particularly
Calling the SignOut method only removes the forms authentication cookie. The Web server does not store valid and expired authentication tickets for later comparison. This makes your site vulnerable to a replay attack if a malicious user obtains a valid forms authentication cookie.
Details here: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.web.security.formsauthentication.signout.aspx
In addition you may want to set the "secure" flag on your ASP auth cookie to prevent it being leaked over HTTP by a MITM attacker.
We are building a set of web applications which all utilize their own unique role providers using sql server and utilizing Windows Identity Foundation to provide a Secure Token service to handle the membership using Active Directory. This solution also provides the benefit of single sign on. One oversight was only allowing users a single session. Tracking if the user already has an active session seems easy enough to implement, it’s what and how to deal with a user’s session if it’s determined they are already logged on elsewhere .
My question is what is the recommended approach for killing an existing user session if the user attempts to spawn an additional session? Would also like to advise the user that an existing session has been detected and by continuing, that existing session will be terminated. (This part also seems trivial…)
Example Scenario with 2 web apps and a STS Identity app:
User attempts to access application A:
STS Identity extension determines user is not already logged on, provides a claim and caches a user/session identifier.
User attempts to access application B on different computer. (they can access application B if using the same session)
STS Identity determines user has active session and denies logon.
There seem to be some other issuer to overcome, for example….
How to update the logged on user cache from the application A if the user is actively keeping their session alive.
How would you deal with the user not explicitly logging off, say by closing the browser or the session timing out.
Other problems???
Any guidance would be appreciated.
We have opted to handle concurrency at the application level, using a simple table that stores the users session id. If a new session for the application is created elsewhere, the existing session is terminated with the use being redirected back to the STS with a message (carried in the query string) the reason why they've been redirected back to the login page.