How to generate code for the uniqueness quantifier - isabelle

Here is a sample theory:
datatype ty = A | B | C
inductive test where
"test A B"
| "test B B"
| "test B C"
inductive test2 where
"The (λy. test x y) = y ⟹
test2 x y"
code_pred [show_modes] test2 .
values "{x. test2 A x}"
The generated code tries to enumerate over ty and fails (as in How to generate code for the existential quantifier). I can't make the data type an instance of enum.
The following code equation is generated:
test2_i_o ?xa ≡
Predicate.bind (Predicate.single ?xa)
(λxa. Predicate.bind (eq_i_o (The (test xa))) Predicate.single
I guess the error is raised because the equation contains test instead of test_i_o.
Could you suggest how to define such a predicate?

I've got it. I should not use The operator. The predicate should be defined as follows. Code is generated fine with the inductify directive. An auxiliary predicate is generated in this case.
inductive test_uniq where
"test x y ⟹
(∀z. test x z ⟶ y = z) ⟹
test_uniq x y"
code_pred [inductify, show_modes] test_uniq .
Alternatively one can define the auxiliary predicate explicitly:
inductive test_not_uniq where
"test x z ⟹
y ≠ z ⟹
test_not_uniq x y"
inductive test_uniq where
"test x y ⟹
¬ test_not_uniq x y ⟹
test_uniq x y"
code_pred [show_modes] test_uniq .
Old Wrong Answer
Maybe It could help someone to generate code for The operator:
inductive test_ex where
"The (λy. test x y) = y ⟹
test_ex x y"
code_pred [show_modes] test .
lemma test_ex_code [code_pred_intro]:
"Predicate.the (test_i_o x) = y ⟹
test_ex x y"
by (rule test_ex.intros) (simp add: Predicate.the_def test_i_o_def)
code_pred [show_modes] test_ex
by (metis test_ex.cases test_ex_code)
inductive test2 where
"test_ex x y ⟹
test2 x y"
code_pred [show_modes] test2 .
values "{x. test2 A x}"
The code equation now contains test_i_o instead of test:
test_ex_i_o ?xa =
Predicate.bind (Predicate.single ?xa)
(λxa. Predicate.bind (eq_i_o (Predicate.the (test_i_o xa))) Predicate.single)

Related

Rewrite with implications in Isabelle

I am looking for a method to do rewriting, but with implications instead of equalities.
For example I know that x = 3 ∧ y = 4 implies Q x y and now I want to replace a positive occurrence of Q x y in my current subgoal with x = 3 ∧ y = 4.
Is there an existing method in Isabelle to do this?
For example I would like to do somthing like this (where implication_subst is the name of the method I am looking for):
lemma
assumes a1: "⋀x y. x = 3 ∧ y = 4 ⟹ Q x y"
shows "(∃x y. A x ∧ Q x y ∧ B y)"
proof (implication_subst a1)
show "∃x y. A x ∧ (x = 3 ∧ y = 4) ∧ B y"
sorry
qed
Below is my (incomplete) attempt to implement such a method using Eisbach, maybe this gives a better idea of what I am looking for:
named_theorems pos_cong
lemma implication_subst_exists[pos_cong]:
assumes "⋀x. P x ⟹ Q x"
and "∃x. P x"
shows "∃x. Q x"
using assms by blast
lemma implication_subst_conjl[pos_cong]:
assumes "P ⟹ Q"
and "P ∧ A"
shows "Q ∧ A"
using assms by blast
lemma implication_subst_conjr[pos_cong]:
assumes "P ⟹ Q"
and "A ∧ P"
shows "A ∧ Q"
using assms by blast
lemma implication_subst_neg[pos_cong]:
assumes "P ⟹ Q"
and "P"
shows "¬¬Q"
using assms by auto
lemma implication_subst_impl[pos_cong]:
assumes "P ⟹ ¬Q"
and "¬P ⟶ A"
shows "Q ⟶ A"
using assms by auto
lemma implication_subst_impr[pos_cong]:
assumes "P ⟹ Q"
and "A ⟶ P"
shows "A ⟶ Q"
using assms by auto
lemma implication_subst_neg_disj_l[pos_cong]:
assumes "P ⟹ ¬Q"
and "¬(¬P ∨ A)"
shows "¬(Q ∨ A)"
using assms by auto
lemma implication_subst_neg_disj_r[pos_cong]:
assumes "P ⟹ ¬Q"
and "¬(A ∨ ¬P)"
shows "¬(A ∨ Q)"
using assms by auto
method implication_subst_h uses r declares pos_cong = (
rule r
| (rule pos_cong, implication_subst_h r: r, assumption))
method implication_subst uses r declares pos_cong =
(implication_subst_h r: r pos_cong: pos_cong, (unfold not_not)?)
lemma example1:
assumes a1: "⋀x y. x = 3 ∧ y = 4 ⟹ Q x y"
shows "∃x y. A x ∧ Q x y ∧ B y"
proof (implication_subst r: a1)
show "∃x y. A x ∧ (x = 3 ∧ y = 4) ∧ B y"
sorry
qed
lemma example2:
assumes a1: "⋀x y. x = 3 ∧ y = 4 ⟹ Q x y"
shows "(∃x y. ¬(¬A x ∨ ¬Q x y ∨ ¬B y))"
proof (implication_subst r: a1)
show "∃x y. ¬ (¬ A x ∨ ¬ (x = 3 ∧ y = 4) ∨ ¬ B y)"
sorry
qed

How to generate code for the existential quantifier

Here is a sample theory:
datatype ty = A | B | C
inductive test where
"test A B"
| "test B C"
inductive test2 where
"¬(∃z. test x z) ⟹ test2 x"
code_pred [show_modes] test .
code_pred [show_modes] test2 .
values "{x. test2 A}"
The generated code tries to enumerate over ty. And so it fails.
I'm tring to define an executable version of test predicate:
definition "test_ex x ≡ ∃y. test x y"
definition "test_ex_fun x ≡
Predicate.singleton (λ_. False)
(Predicate.map (λ_. True) (test_i_o x))"
lemma test_ex_code [code_abbrev, simp]:
"test_ex_fun = test_ex"
apply (intro ext)
unfolding test_ex_def test_ex_fun_def Predicate.singleton_def
apply (simp split: if_split)
But I can't prove the lemma. Could you suggest a better approach?
Existential quantifiers over an argument to an inductive predicate can be made executable by introducing another inductive predicate. For example:
inductive test2_aux where "test x z ==> test2_aux x"
inductive test2 where "~ test2_aux x ==> test2 x"
with appropriate code_pred statements. The free variable z in the premise of test2_aux acts like an existential. Since this transformation is canonical, code_pred has a preprocessor to do so:
code_pred [inductify] test2 .
does the job.
Well, values complains about the fact that ty is not of sort enum. So, in this particular case it is easiest to perform this instantiation.
instantiation ty :: enum
begin
definition enum_ty :: "ty list" where
"enum_ty = [A,B,C]"
definition "enum_all_ty f = list_all f [A,B,C]"
definition "enum_ex_ty f = list_ex f [A,B,C]"
instance
proof (intro_classes)
let ?U = "UNIV :: ty set"
show id: "?U = set enum_class.enum"
unfolding enum_ty_def
using ty.exhaust by auto
fix P
show "enum_class.enum_all P = Ball ?U P"
"enum_class.enum_ex P = Bex ?U P"
unfolding id enum_all_ty_def enum_ex_ty_def enum_ty_def by auto
show "distinct (enum_class.enum :: ty list)" unfolding enum_ty_def by auto
qed
Afterwards, your values-command evaluates without problems.
I thought that the lemma is unprovable, and I should find another approach. But it can be proven as follows:
lemma test_ex_code [code_abbrev, simp]:
"Predicate.singleton (λ_. False)
(Predicate.map (λ_. True) (test_i_o x)) = (∃y. test x y)"
apply (intro ext iffI)
unfolding Predicate.singleton_def
apply (simp_all split: if_split)
apply (metis SUP1_E mem_Collect_eq pred.sel test_i_o_def)
apply (intro conjI impI)
apply (smt SUP1_E the_equality)
apply (metis (full_types) SUP1_E SUP1_I mem_Collect_eq pred.sel test_i_o_def)
done
The interesting thing is that the lemma structure and the proof structure seems to be independent of the concrete predicate. I guess there could be a general solution for any predicate.

How to prove elimination rules using Isar?

Here is a simple theory:
datatype t1 = A | B | C
datatype t2 = D | E t1 | F | G
inductive R where
"R A B"
| "R B C"
inductive_cases [elim]: "R x B" "R x A" "R x C"
inductive S where
"S D (E _)"
| "R x y ⟹ S (E x) (E y)"
inductive_cases [elim]: "S x D" "S x (E y)"
I can prove lemma elim using two helper lemmas:
lemma tranclp_S_x_E:
"S⇧+⇧+ x (E y) ⟹ x = D ∨ (∃z. x = E z)"
by (induct rule: converse_tranclp_induct; auto)
(* Let's assume that it's proven *)
lemma reflect_tranclp_E:
"S⇧+⇧+ (E x) (E y) ⟹ R⇧+⇧+ x y"
sorry
lemma elim:
"S⇧+⇧+ x (E y) ⟹
(x = D ⟹ P) ⟹ (⋀z. x = E z ⟹ R⇧+⇧+ z y ⟹ P) ⟹ P"
using reflect_tranclp_E tranclp_S_x_E by blast
I need to prove elim using Isar:
lemma elim:
assumes "S⇧+⇧+ x (E y)"
shows "(x = D ⟹ P) ⟹ (⋀z. x = E z ⟹ R⇧+⇧+ z y ⟹ P) ⟹ P"
proof -
assume "S⇧+⇧+ x (E y)"
then obtain z where "x = D ∨ x = E z"
by (induct rule: converse_tranclp_induct; auto)
also have "S⇧+⇧+ (E z) (E y) ⟹ R⇧+⇧+ z y"
sorry
finally show ?thesis
But I get the following errors:
No matching trans rules for calculation:
x = D ∨ x = E z
S⇧+⇧+ (E z) (E y) ⟹ R⇧+⇧+ z y
Failed to refine any pending goal
Local statement fails to refine any pending goal
Failed attempt to solve goal by exported rule:
(S⇧+⇧+ x (E y)) ⟹ P
How to fix them?
I guess that this lemma could have a simpler proof. But I need to prove it in two steps:
Show the possible values of x
Show that E reflects transitive closure
I think also that this lemma could be proven by cases on x. But my real data types have too many cases. So, it's not a preferred solution.
This variant seems to work:
lemma elim:
assumes "S⇧+⇧+ x (E y)"
and "x = D ⟹ P"
and "⋀z. x = E z ⟹ R⇧+⇧+ z y ⟹ P"
shows "P"
proof -
have "S⇧+⇧+ x (E y)" by (simp add: assms(1))
then obtain z where "x = D ∨ x = E z"
by (induct rule: converse_tranclp_induct; auto)
moreover
have "S⇧+⇧+ (E z) (E y) ⟹ R⇧+⇧+ z y"
sorry
ultimately show ?thesis
using assms by auto
qed
Assumptions should be separated from the goal.
As a first statement I shoud use have instead of assume. It's not a new assumption, just the existing one.
Instead of finally I should use ultimately. It seems that the later one has a simpler application logic.

How to define a linear ordering on a type?

I'm trying to define a conjunction function for 4-valued logic (false, true, null, and error). In my case the conjunction is equivavlent to min function on linear order false < error < null < true.
datatype bool4 = JF | JT | BN | BE
instantiation bool4 :: linear_order
begin
fun leq_bool4 :: "bool4 ⇒ bool4 ⇒ bool" where
"leq_bool4 JF b = True"
| "leq_bool4 BE b = (b = BE ∨ b = BN ∨ b = JT)"
| "leq_bool4 BN b = (b = BN ∨ b = JT)"
| "leq_bool4 JT b = (b = JT)"
instance proof
fix x y z :: bool4
show "x ⊑ x"
by (induct x) simp_all
show "x ⊑ y ⟹ y ⊑ z ⟹ x ⊑ z"
by (induct x; induct y) simp_all
show "x ⊑ y ⟹ y ⊑ x ⟹ x = y"
by (induct x; induct y) simp_all
show "x ⊑ y ∨ y ⊑ x"
by (induct x; induct y) simp_all
qed
end
definition and4 :: "bool4 ⇒ bool4 ⇒ bool4" where
"and4 a b ≡ minimum a b"
I guess there must be an easier way to define a linear order in Isabelle HOL. Could you suggest a simplification of the theory?
You can use the "Datatype_Order_Generator" AFP entry.
Then it's as simple as importing "$AFP/Datatype_Order_Generator/Order_Generator" and declaring derive linorder "bool4". Note that the constructors must be declared in the order you want them when defining your datatype.
Details on how to download and use the AFP locally can be found here.

What happens during function proofs

I am trying to proof a property of the icmp6 checksum function (sum 16bit integers, add carry, invert 16bit integer).
I defined the functions in isabelle. (I know my proofs are terrible)
But for some reason, isabelle can't proof something about the icmp_csum function, it wants to have.
When I replace the oops in the paste with done it produces thousands of lines that just says:
"linarith_split_limit exceeded (current value is 9)"
theory Scratch
imports Main Int List
begin
fun norm_helper :: "nat ⇒ nat" where
"norm_helper x = (let y = divide x 65536 in (y + x - y * 65536))"
lemma "x ≥ 65536 ⟹ norm_helper x < x" by simp
lemma h: "norm_helper x ≤ x" by simp
fun normalize :: "nat ⇒ nat" where
"normalize x = (if x ≥ 65536
then normalize (norm_helper x)
else x)"
inductive norm_to :: "nat ⇒ nat ⇒ bool" where
"(x < 65536) ⟹ norm_to x x"
| "norm_to y z ⟹ y = norm_helper x ⟹ norm_to x z"
lemma ne: "norm_to x y ⟹ y = normalize x"
apply (induct x y rule: norm_to.induct) by simp+
lemma i: "norm_to x y ⟹ x ≥ y"
apply (induct x y rule: norm_to.induct) by simp+
lemma l: "norm_to x y ⟹ y < 65536"
apply (induct x y rule: norm_to.induct) by simp+
lemma en: "y = normalize x ⟹ norm_to x y"
apply (induct x rule: normalize.induct)
proof -
fix x :: nat
assume 1: "(x ≥ 65536 ⟹ y = Scratch.normalize (norm_helper x) ⟹ norm_to (norm_helper x) y)"
assume 2: "y = Scratch.normalize x"
show "norm_to x y"
proof (cases "x ≥ 65536")
show "¬ 65536 ≤ x ⟹ norm_to x y"
using norm_to.intros(1)[of x] 2 by simp
{
assume s: "65536 ≤ x"
have d: "y = normalize (norm_helper x)" using 2 s by simp
show "65536 ≤ x ⟹ norm_to x y"
using 1 d norm_to.intros(2)[of "norm_helper x" y x]
by blast
}
qed
qed
lemma "normalize x ≤ x" using en i by simp
lemma n[simp]: "normalize x < 65536" using en l by blast
fun sum :: "nat list ⇒ nat" where
"sum [] = 0"
| "sum (x#xs) = x + sum xs"
fun csum :: "nat list ⇒ nat" where
"csum xs = normalize (sum xs)"
fun invert :: "nat ⇒ nat" where
"invert x = 65535 - x"
lemma c: "csum xs ≤ 65535" using n[of "sum xs"] by simp
lemma ic: "invert (csum xs) ≥ 0" using c[of xs] by blast
lemma asdf:
assumes "xs = ys"
shows "invert (csum xs) = invert (csum ys)"
using HOL.arg_cong[of "csum xs" "csum ys" invert,
OF HOL.arg_cong[of xs ys csum]] assms(1)
by blast
function icmp_csum :: "nat list ⇒ nat" where
"icmp_csum xs = invert (csum xs)"
apply simp
apply (rule asdf)
apply simp
oops
end
I have no idea why there is tracing output from linarith there, but given that your definition is neither recursive nor performs pattern matching, you can write it as a definition:
definition icmp_csum :: "nat list ⇒ nat" where
"icmp_csum xs = invert (csum xs)"
Another possibility is to change invert to a definition instead of a fun. (In general, if it's neither recursive nor performs pattern matching, definition is preferable because it has much less overhead than fun.)
NB, just import Main, not Main Int List.
Edit: An explanation from Tobias Nipkow on the mailing list:
This is a known issue. In the outdated LNCS 2283 you can find a discussion what to do about it in Section 3.5.3 Simplification and Recursive Functions. The gist: don't use "if", use pattern matching or "case". Or disable if_split.

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