I have been using the following code to convert decimals into binaries, however I cannot seem to convert a decimal greater than 1069 into binary.
run_id = 1:1600
run_ids = as.data.frame(run_id)
run_ids$bin = 0
for (i in 1:length(x)){
run_ids[i,2] = as.numeric(paste(rev(as.numeric(intToBits(as.numeric(run_ids[i,1])))), collapse=""))
}
Unfortunately the range of numbers that I want to convert goes up to 1,600.
I have tried to use as.double, as.numeric to fix the issue however these do not work.
What am I missing?
Thanks in advance for any help you can give me.
Your code works after a minor correction.
The desired ouput can be obtained by replacing for(i in 1:length(x)){ with for(i in run_id){:
run_id <- 1:1600
run_ids <- as.data.frame(run_id)
run_ids$bin <- 0
for (i in run_id){
run_ids[i,2] <- as.numeric(paste(rev(as.numeric(intToBits(as.numeric(run_ids[i,1])))), collapse=""))
}
> tail(run_ids)
# run_id bin
#1595 1595 11000111011
#1596 1596 11000111100
#1597 1597 11000111101
#1598 1598 11000111110
#1599 1599 11000111111
#1600 1600 11001000000
Related
I have a dataset which contains the timing of events in football. A game exceeds 60 minutes, and I'm trying to calculate intervals. This is the data I have:
data <- c("11:14", "17:27", "25:34", "39:17", "39:59", "42:32", "50:15", "50:53", "64:22", "67:39")
My issue arises from the fact that minutes exceed 60 (they can be between 0 and 90 minutes). So essentially, I would like code that would print out the intervals between the events:
"6:13", "8:07", "13:43",..., "3:17"
Would it be better to convert the data into hours and then go from there? Just an idea I had to make it easier. I've had a look at other questions, but I couldn't find any that had been asked for R. If it has and I missed it, feel free to criticize but please link me the duplicate.
Thanks in advance!
Look into lubridate for this kind of thing.
There's probably an easier way to do it, but this works:
library(lubridate)
data <- c("11:14", "17:27", "25:34", "39:17", "39:59", "42:32", "50:15", "50:53", "64:22", "67:39")
out <- seconds_to_period(diff(as.numeric(ms(data)))
If you want the output as a formatted string instead of a period, use sprintf:
sprintf('%02d:%02d', minute(out), second(out))
This might work too
data1 <- c("11:14", "17:27", "25:34", "39:17", "39:59", "42:32", "50:15", "50:53", "64:22", "67:39")
data2 = sapply(strsplit(data1,":"), # from http://stackoverflow.com/a/5187350/7128934
function(x) {
x <- as.numeric(x)
x[1]+x[2]/60
}
)
difference = list()
for (i in 1: (length(data1) - 1)) {
difference[i] = data2[i+1] - data2[i]
}
Another base R attempt using as.difftime to specify the units explicitly:
out <- diff(sapply(strsplit(data, ":"), function(x)
Reduce(`+`, Map(as.difftime, as.numeric(x), units=c("mins","secs"))))
)
# time difference in seconds
out
#[1] 373 487 823 42 153 463 38 809 197
# formatted string
sprintf("%d:%02d", out %/% 60, out %% 60)
#[1] "6:13" "8:07" "13:43" "0:42" "2:33" "7:43" "0:38" "13:29" "3:17"
This seems like it should be a fairly easy problem to solve but I am having some trouble locating an answer.
I have a vector which contains long decimals and I want to truncate it to a specific number of decimals. I do not wish to round it, but rather just remove the values beyond my desired number of decimals.
For example I would like 0.123456789 to return 0.1234 if I desired 4 decimal digits. This is not an issue of printing a specific number of digits but rather returning the original value truncated to a given number.
Thanks.
trunc(x*10^4)/10^4
yields 0.1234 like expected.
More generally,
trunc <- function(x, ..., prec = 0) base::trunc(x * 10^prec, ...) / 10^prec;
print(trunc(0.123456789, prec = 4) # 0.1234
print(trunc(14035, prec = -2), # 14000
I used the technics above for a long time. One day I had some issues when I was copying the results to a text file and I solved my problem in this way:
trunc_number_n_decimals <- function(numberToTrunc, nDecimals){
numberToTrunc <- numberToTrunc + (10^-(nDecimals+5))
splitNumber <- strsplit(x=format(numberToTrunc, digits=20, format=f), split="\\.")[[1]]
decimalPartTrunc <- substr(x=splitNumber[2], start=1, stop=nDecimals)
truncatedNumber <- as.numeric(paste0(splitNumber[1], ".", decimalPartTrunc))
return(truncatedNumber)
}
print(trunc_number_n_decimals(9.1762034354551236, 6), digits=14)
[1] 9.176203
print(trunc_number_n_decimals(9.1762034354551236, 7), digits=14)
[1] 9.1762034
print(trunc_number_n_decimals(9.1762034354551236, 8), digits=14)
[1] 9.17620343
print(trunc_number_n_decimals(9.1762034354551236, 9), digits=14)
[1] 9.176203435
This solution is very handy in cases when its necessary to write to a file the number with many decimals, such as 16.
Just remember to convert the number to string before writing to the file, using format()
numberToWrite <- format(trunc_number_n_decimals(9.1762034354551236, 9), digits=20)
Not the most elegant way, but it'll work.
string_it<-sprintf("%06.9f", old_numbers)
pos_list<-gregexpr(pattern="\\.", string_it)
pos<-unlist(lapply(pos_list, '[[', 1)) # This returns a vector with the first
#elements
#you're probably going to have to play around with the pos- numbers here
new_number<-as.numeric(substring(string_it, pos-1,pos+4))
I'm still working on a question from couple of days ago and would like to receive feedback/support on how I could create a function. Your expertise is highly appreciated.
I have created the following:
##### 1)
> raceIDs
[1] "GER" "SUI" "NZ2" "US1" "US2" "POR" "FRA" "AUS" "NZ1" "SWE"
##### 2)
#For each "raceIDs", there is a csv file which I have made a loop to read and created a list of data frames (assigned to the symbol "boatList")
#For example, if I select "NZ1" the output is:
> head(boatList[[9]]) #Only selected the first six lines as there is more than 30000 rows
Boat Date Secs LocalTime SOG
1 NZ1 01:09:2013 38150.0 10:35:49.997 22.17
2 NZ1 01:09:2013 38150.2 10:35:50.197 22.19
3 NZ1 01:09:2013 38150.4 10:35:50.397 22.02
4 NZ1 01:09:2013 38150.6 10:35:50.597 21.90
5 NZ1 01:09:2013 38150.8 10:35:50.797 21.84
6 NZ1 01:09:2013 38151.0 10:35:50.997 21.95
##### 3)
# A matrix showing the race times for each raceIDs
> raceTimes
start finish
GER "11:10:02" "11:35:05"
SUI "11:10:02" "11:35:22"
NZ2 "11:10:02" "11:34:12"
US1 "11:10:01" "11:33:29"
US2 "11:10:01" "11:36:05"
POR "11:10:02" "11:34:31"
FRA "11:10:02" "11:34:45"
AUS "11:10:03" "11:36:48"
NZ1 "11:10:01" "11:35:16"
SWE "11:10:03" "11:35:08"
What I need to do is I need to calculate the average speed (SOG) of a boat "while it was racing" (between start and finish times) by creating a function called meanRaceSpeed and having three arguments:
What I have tried so far is to create a function with 3 arguments (with a bit of help from experts here):
meanRaceSpeed <- function(raceIDs, boatList, raceTimes)
{
#Probably need to compare times, and thought it might be useful to convert character values into `DateTime` values but not to sure how to use it
#DateTime <- as.POSIXct(paste(boatList$Date, boatList$Time), format="%Y%m%d %H%M%S")
#To get the times for each boat
start_time <- raceTimes$start[rownames(raceTimes) = raceIDs]
finish_time <- raceTimes$finish[rownames(raceTimes) = raceIDs]
start_LocalTime <- min(grep(start_time, boatList$LocalTime))
finish_LocalTime <- max(grep(finish_time, boatList$LocalTime))
#which `SOG`s contain all the `LocalTimes` between start and finish
#take their `mean`
mean(boatList$SOG[start_LocalTime : finish_LocalTime])
}
### Obviously, my code does not work :( and I don't know where.
So basically, I need to create a function with three arguments and the expected result is:
#e.g For NZ1
> meanRaceSpeed("NZ1", boatList, raceTimes)
[1] 18.32 #Mean speed for NZ1 between 11:10:01 - 11:35:16
#e.g for US1
> meanRaceSpeed("US1", boatList, raceTimes)
[1] 17.23 #Mean speed for US1 between 11:10:01 - 11:33:29
Any helps where I could have gone wrong? Highly appreciate your help please.
I'm going to give some general advice for R, but I will also help you with your specific question. Whenever I have a problem in R, I usually find that it helps to make things more explicit.
If the function isn't working with these methods (is that a data frame or a matrix in your function?) then you should try another method. If those table manipulation methods aren't working, try a different one. How?
Here's a few different things you can do to test your function, and a few suggestions that may move you along a bit. (I don't want to fix the whole thing for you, since it's your homework, but rather get you on your way.)
1) Why not try using a loop instead of brackets?
start_time <- raceTimes$start[rownames(raceTimes) = raceIDs]
Make that into a for loop. It's not too hard to do.
2) Debug your functions. There are a lot of tools to do this built into R, and in packages you can add. Since you, likely, don't have time for that with your homework. I'd suggest doing this. Take apart the function and apply each part of it with a variable you want. Are they of the right length? Are they the right data type? Are they getting the right answer before you put them all together? Make sure of that.
3) If all else fails, don't be afraid if the function and code is not elegant. R is not always an elegant language. (Actually, it's rarely an elegant language.) Especially when you're a beginner, your code will likely be ugly. Just make sure it works.
Since I, already, had experience with your data, I sat to make a complete example.
First, data that look like yours:
raceIDs <- c("GER", "SUI", "NZ2", "US1", "US2", "POR", "FRA", "AUS", "NZ1", "SWE")
raceTimes <- as.matrix(read.table(text = ' start finish
GER "11:10:02" "11:35:05"
SUI "11:10:02" "11:35:22"
NZ2 "11:10:02" "11:34:12"
US1 "11:10:01" "11:33:29"
US2 "11:10:01" "11:36:05"
POR "11:10:02" "11:34:31"
FRA "11:10:02" "11:34:45"
AUS "11:10:03" "11:36:48"
NZ1 "11:10:01" "11:35:16"
SWE "11:10:03" "11:35:08"', header = T))
#turn matrix to data.frame or, else, `$` won't work
raceTimes <- as.data.frame(raceTimes, stringsAsFactors = F)
blDF <- data.frame(Boat = rep(raceIDs, 3),
LocalTime = c(raceTimes$start, rep("11:20:25", length(raceIDs)), raceTimes$finish),
SOG = runif(3 * length(raceIDs), 15, 25), stringsAsFactors = F)
boatList <- split(blDF, blDF$Boat)
#remove `names` to create them from scratch
names(boatList) <- NULL
Then:
#create `names` by searching each element of
#`boatList` of what `boat` it contains
names(boatList) <- unlist(lapply(boatList, function(x) unique(x$Boat)))
#the function
meanRaceSpeed <- function(ID, boatList, raceTimes)
{ #named the first argument `ID` instead of `raceIDs`
start_time <- raceTimes$start[rownames(raceTimes) == ID]
finish_time <- raceTimes$finish[rownames(raceTimes) == ID]
start_LocalTime <- min(grep(start_time, boatList[[ID]]$LocalTime))
finish_LocalTime <- max(grep(finish_time, boatList[[ID]]$LocalTime))
mean(boatList[[ID]]$SOG[start_LocalTime : finish_LocalTime])
}
Test:
meanRaceSpeed("US1", boatList, raceTimes)
#[1] 19.7063
meanRaceSpeed("NZ1", boatList, raceTimes)
#[1] 21.74729
mean(boatList$NZ1$SOG) #to test function
#[1] 21.74729
mean(boatList$US1$SOG) #to test function
#[1] 19.7063
I want to convert my geographic coordinates from degrees to decimals, my data are as follows:
lat long
105252 30°25.264 9°01.331
105253 30°39.237 8°10.811
105255 31°37.760 8°06.040
105258 31°41.190 8°06.557
105259 31°41.229 8°06.622
105260 31°38.891 8°06.281
I have this code but I can not see why it is does not work:
convert<-function(coord){
tmp1=strsplit(coord,"°")
tmp2=strsplit(tmp1[[1]][2],"\\.")
dec=c(as.numeric(tmp1[[1]][1]),as.numeric(tmp2[[1]]))
return(dec[1]+dec[2]/60+dec[3]/3600)
}
don_convert=don1
for(i in 1:nrow(don1)){don_convert[i,2]=convert(as.character(don1[i,2])); don_convert[i,3]=convert(as.character(don1[i,3]))}
The convert function works but the code where I am asking the loop to do the job for me does not work.
Any suggestion is apperciated.
Use the measurements package from CRAN which has a unit conversion function already so you don't need to make your own:
x = read.table(text = "
lat long
105252 30°25.264 9°01.331
105253 30°39.237 8°10.811
105255 31°37.760 8°06.040
105258 31°41.190 8°06.557
105259 31°41.229 8°06.622
105260 31°38.891 8°06.281",
header = TRUE, stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
Once your data.frame is set up then:
# change the degree symbol to a space
x$lat = gsub('°', ' ', x$lat)
x$long = gsub('°', ' ', x$long)
# convert from decimal minutes to decimal degrees
x$lat = measurements::conv_unit(x$lat, from = 'deg_dec_min', to = 'dec_deg')
x$long = measurements::conv_unit(x$long, from = 'deg_dec_min', to = 'dec_deg')
Resulting in the end product:
lat long
105252 30.4210666666667 9.02218333333333
105253 30.65395 8.18018333333333
105255 31.6293333333333 8.10066666666667
105258 31.6865 8.10928333333333
105259 31.68715 8.11036666666667
105260 31.6481833333333 8.10468333333333
Try using the char2dms function in the sp library. It has other functions that will additionally do decimal conversion.
library("sp")
?char2dms
A bit of vectorization and matrix manipulation will make your function much simpler:
x <- read.table(text="
lat long
105252 30°25.264 9°01.331
105253 30°39.237 8°10.811
105255 31°37.760 8°06.040
105258 31°41.190 8°06.557
105259 31°41.229 8°06.622
105260 31°38.891 8°06.281",
header=TRUE, stringsAsFactors=FALSE)
x
The function itself makes use of:
strsplit() with the regex pattern "[°\\.]" - this does the string split in one step
sapply to loop over the vector
Try this:
convert<-function(x){
z <- sapply((strsplit(x, "[°\\.]")), as.numeric)
z[1, ] + z[2, ]/60 + z[3, ]/3600
}
Try it:
convert(x$long)
[1] 9.108611 8.391944 8.111111 8.254722 8.272778 8.178056
Disclaimer: I didn't check your math. Use at your own discretion.
Thanks for answers by #Gord Stephen and #CephBirk. Sure helped me out.
I thought I'd just mention that I also found that measurements::conv_unit doesn't deal with "E/W" "N/S" entries, it requires positive/negative degrees.
My coordinates comes as character strings "1 1 1W" and needs to first be converted to "-1 1 1".
I thought I'd share my solution for that.
df <- c("1 1 1E", "1 1 1W", "2 2 2N","2 2 2S")
measurements::conv_unit(df, from = 'deg_min_sec', to = 'dec_deg')
[1] "1.01694444444444" NA NA NA
Warning message:
In split(as.numeric(unlist(strsplit(x, " "))) * c(3600, 60, 1), :
NAs introduced by coercion
ewns <- ifelse( str_extract(df,"\\(?[EWNS,.]+\\)?") %in% c("E","N"),"+","-")
dms <- str_sub(df,1,str_length(df)-1)
df2 <- paste0(ewns,dms)
df_dec <- measurements::conv_unit(df2,
from = 'deg_min_sec',
to = 'dec_deg'))
df_dec
[1] "1.01694444444444" "-1.01694444444444" "2.03388888888889" "-2.03388888888889"
as.numeric(df_dec)
[1] 1.016944 -1.016944 2.033889 -2.033889
Have a look at the command degree in the package OSMscale.
As Jim Lewis commented before it seems your are using floating point minutes. Then you only concatenate two elements on
dec=c(as.numeric(tmp1[[1]][1]),as.numeric(tmp2[[1]]))
Having degrees, minutes and seconds in the form 43°21'8.02 which as.character() returns "43°21'8.02\"", I updated your function to
convert<-function(coord){
tmp1=strsplit(coord,"°")
tmp2=strsplit(tmp1[[1]][2],"'")
tmp3=strsplit(tmp2[[1]][2],"\"")
dec=c(as.numeric(tmp1[[1]][1]),as.numeric(tmp2[[1]][1]),as.numeric(tmp3[[1]]))
c<-abs(dec[1])+dec[2]/60+dec[3]/3600
c<-ifelse(dec[1]<0,-c,c)
return(c)
}
adding the alternative for negative coordinates, and works great for me . I still don't get why char2dms function in the sp library didn't work for me.
Thanks
Another less elegant option using substring instead of strsplit. This will only work if all your positions have the same number of digits. For negative co-ordinates just multiply by -1 for the correct decimal degree.
x$LatDD<-(as.numeric(substring(x$lat, 1,2))
+ (as.numeric(substring(x$lat, 4,9))/60))
x$LongDD<-(as.numeric(substring(x$long, 1,1))
+ (as.numeric(substring(x$long, 3,8))/60))
I have the following data
>d
2010-07-02
>t
835
I issue the following command
>dt<-paste(d,t)
>dt
"2010-07-02 835"
i then issue the following command, and it returns NA as below:
>dtt<-as.POSIXlt(strptime(dt,'%Y-%m-%d %H%M'))
>dtt
NA
so I made the following change
>t=1001
and now when I run
dt followed by dtt, it works fine, returning
dtt
"2010-07-02 10:01:00"
so, it seems to me that it is having a problem with the first digit of the hour being a 0, which is why when HHMM is less than 1000, it generates NA. can anyone please suggest how I fix this. thanks!
Use sprintf to format your time string before you pass it to as.POSIXlt:
d <- "2010-07-02"
h <- 835
dtt <- sprintf("%s %04d", d, h)
as.POSIXlt(dtt, format="%Y-%m-%d %H%M")
[1] "2010-07-02 08:35:00"
The string "%s %04d" tells sprintf to concatenate d as a string (%s) and h as a fixed width string of length 4, with leading zeroes (%04d).