How Can I Write a PL/SQL block to display the multiples of a Given Number without including multiples of 10 for a given range (Start Value and End Value), using GOTO.
The GOTO statement consists of two parts - the GOTO statement and the Label Declaration:
GOTO label_name;
And then, use below just above the code to move the control to specific line of code.
<<label_name>>
Related
I have an oracle 19c ee database build via their docker image on Oracles github (https://github.com/oracle/docker-images/tree/master/OracleDatabase/SingleInstance). I am trying to follow their example as to how to create a function from here.
I have copied their example exactly. Setup table and data:
CREATE TABLE orders (
customer_id number(10),
order_total NUMBER(11,2)
);
INSERT INTO orders (customer_id, order_total) VALUES (1, 200.01)
The actual function:
CREATE FUNCTION get_bal(acc_no IN NUMBER)
RETURN NUMBER
IS acc_bal NUMBER(11,2);
BEGIN
SELECT order_total
INTO acc_bal
FROM orders
WHERE customer_id = acc_no;
RETURN(acc_bal);
END;
However I keep running into this error when I try and create the function
Query 2 ERROR: ORA-06550: line 5, column 27:
PL/SQL: ORA-00904: "ACC_NO": invalid identifier
ORA-06550: line 2, column 7:
PL/SQL: SQL Statement ignored
ORA-06550: line 6, column 7:
PLS-00372: In a procedure, RETURN statement cannot contain an expression
ORA-06550: line 6, column 7:
PL/SQL: Statement ignored
What am I doing wrong?
The example works for me. You must have mistyped something. Are you sure your function is exactly the same as the one in the manual?
ORA-00904: "ACC_NO": invalid identifier
suggests the declaration acc_bal NUMBER(11,2); is missing or different.
PLS-00372: In a procedure, RETURN statement cannot contain an expression
indicates that your code is a procedure, not a function.
SQL> CREATE TABLE orders (
2 customer_id number(10),
3 order_total NUMBER(11,2)
4 );
Table created
SQL> INSERT INTO orders (customer_id, order_total) VALUES (1, 200.01);
1 row inserted
SQL> CREATE FUNCTION get_bal(acc_no IN NUMBER)
2 RETURN NUMBER
3 IS acc_bal NUMBER(11,2);
4 BEGIN
5 SELECT order_total
6 INTO acc_bal
7 FROM orders
8 WHERE customer_id = acc_no;
9 RETURN(acc_bal);
10 END;
11 /
Function created
SQL> select get_bal(1) from dual;
GET_BAL(1)
----------
200.01
As an aside, while I'm a big fan of the Oracle documentation in general, and this example does neatly illustrate how to create a PL/SQL function, I think it could be improved:
For readability, it's better to give each declaration its own line, so line 3 would be better split into two with acc_bal NUMBER(11,2); on its own line.
The IS and AS keywords are interchangeable here, but surely create ... as (similar to what you might use to create a table or a view) reads better than create ... is.
Understandably, the author didn't want to complicate the example by introducing %type before it had been explained, but a more advanced version would use acc_bal orders.order_total%type; to make acc_bal inherit its datatype from the table column rather than hard-coding it. This goes for all three values used in the function.
The parameter and variable names are OK - they are at least clear - but there is a danger when using the same naming pattern for parameters and variables as for table columns. One day you will type WHERE c.customer_id = customer_id and wonder why you're getting more rows back than you expected. Again it's understandable that the author didn't want to get into that whole discussion in the first example, but it's something to think about. You might use get_bal.acc_no within the function, or use camelCase for parameters and variables, or prefix them with p_ for 'parameter' etc.
A basic rule of layout is that opening and closing keywords such as if/else and begin/end should be left-aligned. The END at line 10 is misaligned under its opening BEGIN. I suppose indenting the entire thing after the first line is a valid personal layout choice, but to me it doesn't add anything.
It's a good idea to leave blank lines around each SQL statement, to avoid a solid wall of text. Personally, I'd prefer a blank line before the RETURN at line 9.
A RETURN clause doesn't require any brackets. The compiler is ignoring the redundant brackets at line 9. I'd lose them.
It's good practice (though optional) to include the procedure/function name in the closing END, so line 10 would become END get_bal;
The COBOL-style uppercase habit is widespread in the industry, but there is no need for it. (PL/SQL's syntax is famously based on Ada, though some also point to ALGOL and PL/1 - nobody ever wrote those in uppercase.) I would improve readability by lowercasing the whole thing.
With these changes, I get this:
create or replace function get_bal
( inAccNo in orders.customer_id%type )
return orders.order_total%type
as
accBal orders.order_total%type;
begin
select order_total into accBal
from orders
where customer_id = inAccNo;
return accBal;
end;
I would like to display Unique numbers dynamically. I have tried below code for the same but same number is displaying all the times.
DECLARE
a NUMBER;
BEGIN
FOR i IN 1 .. 3 LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(&a);
END LOOP;
END;
the above code will ask me for "a" value three times, if i pass 1,2,3 as parameters then it should display 1,2,3 but this code is displaying first(1) value three time as 1,1,1.
Could you please help me to get the required output like 1,2,3
You can't really create an interactive program in just PL/SQL. When you put &a in the PL/SQL and run it in a tool like SQL Developer, it prompts you once for a value for a before it runs the code, using the value you typed instead of the substitution variable a.
You want to print i and not a. Also the ampersand in front of the a means you will be prompted to enter a value for a.
I have a table of records that has two logical flags, holdn and holdl. I want to loop through this table with 3 different criteria.
Either flag is TRUE - We want to see everything that is on hold
Flag holdl is TRUE - We only want see items that are on hold for this one reason
Flag holdn is TRUE - We only want to see items that are on hold for this other reason.
I cannot figure out how to dynamically change the for each loop based on this. What I have tried so far is to set the value of a variable based on these conditions and then use the content of the variable as one of the where parameters. This does not work as Progress complains that there is a data mismatch. The variable is a string, the flags are logical, so that does make sense. See sample code below. This is a snippet of the actual code with the the table name changed. The which-hold, order-from, etc variables are defined and set in a different module which calls this one.
DEFINE VARIABLE which-hold# AS CHARACTER FORMAT "x(30)" NO-UNDO.
CASE which-hold:
WHEN "B" THEN which-hold# = "(widget.holdn or widget.holdl)".
WHEN "L" THEN which-hold# = "widget.holdl".
WHEN "N" THEN which-hold# = "widget.holdn".
END CASE.
for each widget where which-hold# and
widget.order-no >= order-from and widget.order-no <= order-thru and
widget.line-no >= line-from and widget.line-no <= line-thru and
widget.joint-no >= joint-from and widget.joint-no <= joint-thru
no-lock:
A bunch of code to make a nice report with the retrieved records...
end.
Self taught Progress programmer here, who has inherited a huge, poorly documented application. Please be gentle.
If you would prefer not to deal with handles a semi-dynamic approach is also possible:
define variable i as integer no-undo.
define query q for customer.
do while true:
update i.
case i:
when 0 then quit.
when 1 then open query q for each customer no-lock where custNum >= 1000.
when 2 then open query q for each customer no-lock where state = "nh".
otherwise open query q for each customer no-lock where name begins "u".
end.
do while true with frame a:
get next q.
if not available customer then leave.
display custNum name state with frame a 10 down.
down with frame a.
end.
close query q.
end.
What you want is actually a dynamic query. I'll get to it at the end, but first I'd like to explain why you won't be able to try and substitute the field name in the which-hold# variable: because the query is evaluated at compile time. And this is what it reads (supposing which-hold# has a value of widget.holdn
FOR EACH widget where "widget-holdn" (...)
And that does not evaluate to TRUE or FALSE. So what, you ask? Well, that is the key here. Every condition needs to evaluate to true or false, so you'd be more in luck if you try
for each widget where (if widget-hold# = 'widget.holdn' then widget.holdn = true else TRUE) (...)
Again, notice the condition will exist if widget-hold# has the value I want, otherwise it doesn't filter on this at all.
So you can just code the way I showed (for each of the conditions you have) and it should work fine.
BUT let me suggest a dynamic query instead.
You need to have:
DEFINE VARIABLE hQuery AS HANDLE NO-UNDO.
CREATE QUERY hQuery.
hQuery:SET-BUFFERS(BUFFER widget:HANDLE).
hQuery:QUERY-PREPARE('<THIS IS THE CORE>').
hQuery:QUERY-OPEN().
DO WHILE hQuery:GET-NEXT():
A bunch of code to make a nice report with the retrieved records...
END.
So in the core you have a string that corresponds to your for each the way you want it to look. So it should be for example (store this in a variable, or assemble it inside the query prepare, it doesn't matter):
'FOR EACH widget NO-LOCK WHERE ' +
(if which-hold = 'B' then 'widget.holdn = true and widget.holdl = true'
else if which-hold = 'L' then 'widget-holdl = true'
else /* N */ 'widget-holdn = true').
Remember I said your query is evaluated at compile time? Well, just so you know, dynamic queries on the other end are evaluated at run time, so be prepared for errors to pop up only when you run. Another thing I should mention is dynamic queries are slower than static ones, so please evaluate and choose your poison :)
This should be what you need. Please let me know if it's helpful or any questions remain.
create or replace procedure "FINDMAX"
(maxroll OUT NUMBER)
is
begin
select max(rollno) into maxroll from std;
end;
in this code maxroll i took to make procedure and rollno i took it as a database field. This gives me maximum(LAST) roll number from table.
Can anyone suggest me how I can get next roll number(max+1)?
For your immediate problem, you can use max(col) + 1
create or replace procedure "FINDMAX"
(maxroll OUT NUMBER)
is
begin
select 1 + max(rollno) into maxroll from std;
end;
But if you are getting this to use while inserting the next record, it's not the right way.
You should use sequences instead.
create sequence roll_no_seq start with 1 increment by 1;
Then use it while inserting using roll_no_seq.nextval
Use a SEQUENCE.
CREATE SEQUENCE rollno_seq
START WITH 1
INCREMENT BY 1
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE;
Then you can use,
select rollno_seq.nextval from dual;
See also, Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: CURRVAL and NEXTVAL
For example, I have many HTML tabs to style, they use different classes, and will have different backgrounds. Background images files have names corresponding to class names.
The way I found to do it is yank:
.tab.home {
background: ...home.jpg...
}
then paste, then :s/home/about.
This is to be repeated for a few times. I found that & can be used to repeat last substitute, but only for the same target string. What is the quickest way to repeat a substitute with different target string?
Alternatively, probably there are more efficient ways to do such a thing?
I had a quick play with some vim macro magic and came up with the following idea... I apologise for the length. I thought it best to explain the steps..
First, place the text block you want to repeat into a register (I picked register z), so with the cursor at the beginning of the .tab line I pressed "z3Y (select reg z and yank 3 lines).
Then I entered the series of VIM commands I wanted into the buffer as )"zp:.,%s/home/. (Just press i and type the commands)
This translate to;
) go the end of the current '{}' block,
"zp paste a copy of the text in register z,
.,%s/home/ which has two tricks.
The .,% ensures the substitution applies to everything from the start of the .tab to the end of the closing }, and,
The command is incomplete (ie, does not have a at the end), so vim will prompt me to complete the command.
Note that while %s/// will perform a substitution across every line of the file, it is important to realise that % is an alias for range 1,$. Using 1,% as a range, causes the % to be used as the 'jump to matching parenthesis' operator, resulting in a range from the current line to the end of the % match. (which in this example, is the closing brace in the block)
Then, after placing the cursor on the ) at the beginning of the line, I typed "qy$ which means yank all characters to the end of the line into register q.
This is important, because simply yanking the line with Y will include a carriage return in the register, and will cause the macro to fail.
I then executed the content of register q with #q and I was prompted to complete the s/home/ on the command line.
After typing the replacement text and pressing enter, the pasted block (from register z) appeared in the buffer with the substitutions already applied.
At this point you can repeat the last #qby simple typing ##. You don't even need to move the cursor down to the end of the block because the ) at the start of the macro does that for you.
This effectively reduces the process of yanking the original text, inserting it, and executing two manual replace commands into a simple ##.
You can safely delete the macro string from your edit buffer when done.
This is incredibly vim-ish, and might waste a bit of time getting it right, but it could save you even more when you do.
Vim macro's might be the trick you are looking for.
From the manual, I found :s//new-replacement. Seemed to be too much typing.
Looking for a better answer.