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I suppose a way to paraphrase this question is why can't HTTP just use UDP? What specific functionalities provided by the TCP are explicitly required by HTTP?
Ordering, non-duplication, integrity, pacing of large payloads, ... same as anybody else needs really. There was a move some years back to provide HTTP over UDP for tiny payloads that would fit into a single datagram, and ditto the responses, but most HTTP payloads are too big for one datagram so the point is lost.
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If a packet is mistakenly routed in a closed loop among a number of machines, it could theoretically loop in the network forever. How does IP ensure that this cannot happen for Internet Packets?
There is such thing as TTL. You should perform basic internet search before posting a question.
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Say I wish to have the interface eth0 to have a very low bandwidth. Is it possible?
As may be evident from the question, I am trying to simulate a network with varying bandwidths.
Note: I am using VirtualBox running Ubuntu to simulate the hosts.
There is a program in the Ubuntu repos that will throttle bandwidth on a process-by-process basis. It's called trickle. Here's another answer that deals with trickle. Hope that helps with your issue!
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I'm almost positive everyone on here knows the meaning of 127.0.0.1. But, why is that ALWAYS localhost?
Who picked that arbitrary IP? Why was that IP picked?
Why not something more simple such as 1.0.0.0? Is there some special meaning to 127.0.0.1?
RFC means "Request for Comments"
RFC 1700 can be found at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1700.txt
This may give you more insight into how the IP's are allocated for localhost and so on.
Actually, a better reference is the following:
https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc820
Certain IP addresses are reserved and 127.0.0.1 is one of them.
Some of the founding fathers/mothers of the internet decided that this was a good idea and we have been happy enough since that time.
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Let's say somebody invented a new protocol I would put on top of IP. Would two computers from the other ends of the world be able to communicate with it, i.e. would routers forward the frames that aren't standard TCP/UDP/ICMP?
Yes, if it is build on top of IP then it would be routable over the internet. The IP protocol defines the header and payload. The header is used for routing. So you would be able to send custom IP-based protocol data from one computer to another over the internet.
However, both computers will need custom drivers to send, receive and understand the data.
I'm not sure why you'd bother though. If you're sending custom data, you're much better off writing an application level protocol on top of tcp or udp and take advantage of the networking layer built into all computers and operating systems already. It'll be easier to write, maintain, and debug.
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How can I scan/record IP requests from a specific application or task? Could I do this purely in command line or is extra software required?
Wireshark is a very powerful tool for tracing connections and even examining packet content. By using the appropriate filters you can monitor all network activity of your application.