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Which one is more powerful operating system? And is it possible to convert Microsoft-DOS batch file into Unix Script and vice-versa?
DOS is a 16-bit monouser operating system, without any kind of memory protection. UNIX is a 32/64 bit multiuser operating system, with multiprocess scheduling, userspace/kernel space separation and memory protection.
From just that description, i can say UNIX is a lot more powerful than DOS. But of course depends on your requirements :)
Is it possible to convert a .bat file to a unixshell script, sure, just do it by hand.
It depends how you define power. By most common definitions a multi-user OS (UNIX) is more powerful than a single user one (DOS). However this is not always the case. If your requirements are for a embedded single user system , then one could argue that a single user OS is better.
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I am currently developing a solution in R and I need to know the system requirements for R on a windows machine for documentation purposes.
It's a question beyond "would R run in my machine", since I need to know the exact specifics. I know for a fact that it already runs without any problem, but I need to document this requirements for the Administrator in the IT team.
Thank you so much for your collaboration!
From An Introduction to R (https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/R-intro.html)
--max-mem-size=N
(Windows only) Specify a limit for the amount of memory to be used both for R objects and working areas. This is set by default to the smaller of the amount of physical RAM in the machine and for 32-bit R, 1.5Gb26, and must be between 32Mb and the maximum allowed on that version of Windows.
Note, this is specific to Windows machines. I haven't seen anything regarding other operating systems. I've never seen anything about processors or other hardware either.
as far as I can tell, if you have a computer with a processor and at least 32 Mb or RAM, it will run R (no guarantees on how well).
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I am new to Unix and wanted to understand under the hood working of Unix command. My question is whenever we type any command in shell, how are they interpreted at OS level.
Any help will be great. Thanks.
Actually, the interpretation of commands is done by the shell, not the operating system.
As mentioned in a comment, the operating system provides system calls like fork() and execve() that allow the creation and manipulation of processes. There are also calls that control file descriptors so that inputs and output can be arbitrarily mapped. The operating system provides all of this functionality, but it is up to the shell (bash, csh, zsh, etc) to interpret commands and issue the correct system calls.
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I'm aware that the default encryption provided by the zip command in Linux isn't considered to be secure, but I'm curious - what algorithm does it use when encrypting with the --encrypt option?
Since the zip command will write out PKZIP files, it would follow they're implementing the specs for that. Apparently the format allows for several distinct ciphers, the one typically considered "insecure" looks like it's homegrown.
See here for a detailed discussion of how to break it, including some insights into the original algorithm: http://math.ucr.edu/~mike/zipattacks.pdf
Traditional encryption is based on a stream cypher by Roger Schaffely.
The exact, symmetric algorithm is illustrated here http://www.academia.edu/348210/PKZIP_Algorithm
Newer versions of the linux zip utility (zip-info) seem to be going to include AES encryption aswell:
http://www.info-zip.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=4&t=396&p=2453&hilit=aes#p2453
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am very much interested in unix. Want to learn in and out.
Can you guys help me by listing some books which can make me a wizard?
Ultimately I want to become a unix programmer.
I am not a novice user in Unix.
You want system administration knowledge, or programming knowledge?
For programming:
Advanced Programming in the Unix Environment
Unix Network Programming
The Art of Unix Programming
For system administration:
Automating Linux and System Administration
Unix and Linux Administration Handbook
As other responders have noted, Advanced Programming in the Unix Environment (APUE) is indispensable.
Other books that you might want to consider (these have more of a Linux focus, but are a good way to become familiar with Unix internals):
Linux System Programming: well written, understandable introduction to the Linux API. Not as much depth as the others, but a good way to get the "lay of the land."
The Linux Programming Interface: A Linux and UNIX System Programming Handbook: more up to date than APUE, but focused on Linux.
Understanding the Linux Kernel (O'Reilly): learn about Unix programming from the perspective of an OS implementer, rather than a application developer.
check these out: UNIX Internals: The New Frontiers , The Design of the UNIX Operating System ,UNIX Systems Programming: Communication, Concurrency and Threads
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I am going to be developing a desktop application in C++ that I'd like to protect by requiring a license file.
My initial idea was to have 2 executables. One would the actual program that I ran some sort of symmetric encryption on and the second executable would decrypt and run the program using a license file on the user's computer. However, this is easy to defeat by simply dumping the memory.
Are there any other solutions out there (doesn't have to be free) to manage licenses? I have seen FlexNet and other things like that in mainstream programs, but wasn't sure how difficult/expensive these were to include in my own programs.
I wouldn't stress about making bullet-proof licensing. A dedicated user/hacker will be able to circumvent most anti-piracy techniques you use.
I like to add just enough licensing to make the end user realize they are breaking the rules aka keep honest people honest. The user that goes far enough to dump memory is not concerned about whether they are breaking the rules.
I don't have a specific C++ package I recommend, but I do like FlexNet (formerly FlexLM) for it's support of floating licenses.