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Are there any automatic, online or off, tools for testing xhtml/css for compliance with screen readers and other visual guidelines of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)?
I'm in agreement with #Jim that accessibility compliance is at the moment is not a 100% objective science.
Take the classic case of image alt text. Suppose a story about education in America includes a closeup photo of a smiling female Hispanic student, approximately ten years old, at a desk in a classroom writing on a piece of paper with a pencil. The WCAG1 guideline says to include a "text equivalent" for every image. Some would suggest that alt="young Hispanic girl at a desk in a classroom" would not provide enough meaning to convey equally what the photo shows. Others would argue that it conveys too much, that it's just a stock art filler and that alt="girl at desk" is appropriate. Others would argue that the photo represents a point made in the article and that alt="Education policies of the past 10 years have affected minority students most." is the most appropriate alt text.
So even experts in the field can disagree on what is best for this one simple situation. Automated tools can only detect whether alt text is missing -- not whether it provides a text equivalent. And we can all agree that placing alt="[image]" does not meet the intent nor the guideline of providing a text equivalent.
There are some online checkers that can test for some of these issues. Chris Pederick's Web Developer Extension for Firefox provides easy access to test against WAI and 508 -- as does the IE Developer Toolbar.
No automated tool can tell you whether a website is accessible. There are tools, such as Rational Policy Tester, that can identify potential problem areas, but they only work in conjunction with manual checking by a person with a good understanding of the requirements. A good place to start looking for your tools is at the WAI.
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What is the best way to check a website's WCAG 2.1 accessibility standard? I want to generate a report if a website's accessibility is of a AA WCAG 2.1 standard.
Producing such report is called an accessibility audit.
For the way to check, the Website Accessibility Conformance Evaluation Methodology (WCAG-EM) 1.0 is the relevant standard, which is part of the WCAG 2.
It describes how to proceed in an audit:
Define the Evaluation Scope
Explore the Target Website
Select a Representative Sample
Audit the Selected Sample
Report the Evaluation Findings
Further, there is guidance on involving users and using evaluation tools, both of which are optional for conformance with the EM.
For most people, it’s impossible to evaluate all success criteria without using a tool.
There a plenty of spreadsheet solutions out there that help with the evaluation, some governments providing spreadsheets based on their national adoption of the WCAG.
The Web Accessibility Initiative created their own, simple WCAG-EM Report Tool, and then there are several commercial solutions.
In my opinion, the following criteria matter:
Combine automatic and manual testing
Only a smaller part of a site’s performance can be checked automatically, so you’d need a tool that guides you through the manual parts as well.
Ideally, the automatic parts would already be covered and taken into account.
Avoid re-evaluation of common components
Modern sites, especially web applications, are constructed component-based, with components re-appearing on each page. These are based on the exact same code and will behave the same across pages. Like header, navigation and footer.
A page-based evaluation is therefore not very practical.
An ideal tool™ would take into account that these exist and re-use the component’s evaluation for each page that includes the component.
Tools that provide these features
The market leader on accessibility tools is deque with their axe suite. They offer the axe Auditor, which starts evaluation of each page with an automatic audit, and then guides the auditor through the remaining manual checks, providing a combined report at the end.
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This post is to hopefully bring some joy to an awesome fella. He used to have a favourite T-shirt (pictured) which had 6 graphical functions on it. Eventually, the T-shirt fell apart about 10 years ago.
I wanted to surprise him for his birthday and replace the T-shirt as far as possible. As it isn't available to buy (or even anything similar) any more, I wanted to try and code up 6 such images, so I could combine them and get them printed onto a T-shirt instead.
I have been researching this for a while, and have found it difficult to identify the wave functions/sinosoidal surfaces, or how to code them (my main language is R).
So. This isn't for a work project or anything. I am just wondering whether there is a kind soul in the SO community who would either know what the images were, or could suggest how to code them up? Or if they knew what the images were and therefore could point me in the right direction/resources and I'll figure out how to code it up!
Thanks in advance.
Edit: as per the comments, in my attempts to make this dream a reality, I got as far as searching 3D wireframe wave functions in terms of identifying what the images were. But, most resources pointed at Python. As I am a mere biologist who is predominantly an R user (with some bash and awk), the Python aspect seemed pretty daunting. So I guess half the battle is trying to figure out (roughly) which specific wave forms the images are so I could search how to code them in R.
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There are a couple of online services that offer PSD to XHTML/CSS. Which one do you recommend? How should I choose one?
First, I recommend using someone in your own network of people first. If you know someone with this skill who is open to freelancing, offer the project to them. Talk to local schools with web design/development classes and ask if they keep a list of freelance students. Build up your business relationships with people close to you.
If that doesn't work, choose one online the way you would choose anything. Research. Look at their portfolios. Go to one of the sites they did and "view source" in your browser to look at their code. Ask a web developer friend if she thinks it's well done. Look at more than one example and make sure they have consistent quality. Try to find out how long they've been around. (Do a whois search and find out how long the site has been registered, for one). Look at the person's resume if they offer it, or ask for a resume and any references they may have. You might even try to contact one of their clients and ask how their experience was with them.
In the end, when you've balanced price and your research, you have to take a leap of faith, but with your research, you probably will choose well.
You might want to consider learning how to do it yourself. I find that even with a complex design, I usually spend 90% of my time making the design in Photoshop and only 10% converting that to HTML+CSS. It's really worth getting to know HTML and CSS inside-out so you can complete the process.
Some clue here
alt text http://shup.com/Shup/375934/11063214233-My-Desktop.png
You can get help from this site
http://www.psdtohtmlreviews.com/
And I think this one is mostly recommended
http://designshack.co.uk/articles/reviews/psd-to-html-by-psd2html
But first of all consider answer of #josh
And here are links of some good tutorials of PSD 2 HTML conversion http://www.bestpsdtohtml.com/20-best-psd-to-xhtml-css-tutorials/
You can learn yourself
If you have to convert for once you may look at http://csswithcolour.com/
and if you have requirements for many projects or future projects then
http://htmlbutcher.com/ looks to be a good tool.
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Suppose an actor A has the site of an actor B in iFrames. There is no difference in the sites except the url. Urls are totally different. Should the actor A ask a permission of the actor B for using B's site? Is there any law that forbid placing other site on a site in iFrames?
Not a programming question, but at least let me help you with a link to a site. The owner of plagiarismtoday.com have had some of your concerns and, although not a lawyer, have collected quite a bit of information.
http://www.plagiarismtoday.com/2009/04/07/is-the-diggbar-content-theft/
Read The Law on Framing and follow the link to the case of Washington Post v. TotalNews
You should also check your country and local state laws, there is no such thing as a standard legal solution because it changes from one place to the other and many countries do not have laws on what you are asking. However, let me tell you, the web seems to be dominated by two frame of mind, or law philosophy:
lex mercatoria: these folks tend to think the web is commerce and commerce laws should apply, which are mostly derived by mores and civil laws
lex retis: these folks say the web is anarchy, no law should govern it
PS: I am a lawyer. Even if this is a bit complicated, I hope you can get an idea.
As far as I can tell, it only becomes a legal problem if the iframe is used to perpetrate fraud, deceptive marketing, or somesuch. Short of that, it's merely annoying. You can always use framebusters/framekillers if it bothers you enough.
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I haven't been to enough of these "live" events to really determine which, if any, are worth the time / money. Which ones do you attend and why?
For conventions, if you're still in university, and can make it to Montreal, Canada, the Canadian Undergraduate Software Engineering Conference (CUSEC) has been extremely enjoyable. See the 2009 site for the next event, and for a take on what previous years have been like, take a look at the 2008 speakers (note: it included Jeff Atwood).
I attend CUSEC primarily because our software engineering society on campus makes a point of organizing a trip to it, but also because of the speakers that present there, and the career fair.
I used to belong to my local Linux User Group which I co-founded but I treated it more as a social event than anything else but obviously a social event full of geeks is still a great way to get a great debate going :)
Conventions and the like I've not got much out of other than being pestered by businesses who can offer me nothing that is apart from a bunch of Linux and Hacker ones where I've met loads of people who I consider friends offline, again great for the social aspect but pretty worthless to me in other respects.
That's not to say I never got any business out of attending various events it's just that treating them as social occasions meant any business that did come my way was a bonus so I never left an event feeling like it was a waste of time.